Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender Essay

The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender is crime novel about contemporary Australian life, written with all the ambiguity and moral sophistication of most â€Å"who dun-nits â€Å". It looks like crime, and sounds like crime, and sells like crime, but — it’s Literature! Its Opening is a subversion of the genre – a reversal of expectation as we are duped into believing this is your typical male private eye (P. I. ). The role reversal – a female in a traditional male dominated field; women can do everything men can do – challenges the stereotypes of traditional crime fiction. Purpose: (themes, concerns, issues main ideas†¦.) 1. To create a sense of place — Sydney. Marele Day had spent four years travelling the world and when she came back to Sydney recognised its special charm and atmosphere. She became determined to write a book about it and its special appeal. a) Find references to Sydney, favourable and unfavourable. * what aspects are emphasized? * In totality how does Day present Sydney? * what are the links with the past? * what is meant by the â€Å"facade of Sydney’? 2. Corruption and suspicion vs probity and trust. 3. Effect of technology — have we become dehumanised? Will technology take over from humans? * What is the relationship between humanity and technology? 4. Isolation — Most of the characters are isolated in one way or another. * Find as many examples of isolation as possible. * What overall comment is made about isolation? * Is there a connection between it and technology? II. TECHNIQUE 1. Day uses a lot of the technique of modern day films – especially the â€Å"black and white† scenes on Harry Lavender. How is he portrayed? He is very detached and aloof. We the audience get to see and hear what Claudia is not privy to. Are these extracts from the book Mark Bannister was writing? 2. Comment on Claudia Valentine’s PhrasingÃ'Ž Claudia speaks in the manner of a hard-boiled worldly wise Private Investigator (P. I. ). slick, glib, swaggering, at times sassy (cheeky) and sometimes tongue in cheek. â€Å"Live fast, die young, and leave a good looking corpse† (22) â€Å"I was changing cars more often than I changed my underwear† (101) â€Å"But it’s one â€Å"It’ll be dead end if you don’t. Now move† (162) Word Play Double entendre (meaning) â€Å"It must have been a plant. † â€Å"A lavender plant. † (126) â€Å"Terminal illness† (6, 17, 20, â€Å"Alter, (141†¦ â€Å"curse, cursor (143†¦ heart ( 55, â€Å"waiting for the developers to give them a new lease of life, or maybe just a new lease. † (69) Humour â€Å"wit† â€Å"I wait for bald men to pass by and ash on their heads (23) one of the former and two of the latter, and the former is former† her reply to Steve regarding her marital status. ( 27) â€Å"You put it away, Otto, you don’t know where it’s been. † â€Å"That’s the trouble,† he moaned, it hasn’t been anywhere lately. (53) social commentary â€Å"Divorced? † â€Å"Isn’t everyone? † (27) â€Å"I had made a mistake getting into a car with a law-abiding policeman† â€Å"You young folk are always in a hurry,† she said managing a smile. (45) â€Å"pollution and syringes (54), women (54), fast food (68)Ã'Ž

Postmodern Frame Essay †Text in Art Essay

The use of text within to the visual arts can be traced back as far as the inscribed carvings found on cave walls created by the Indigenous population of Australia approximately 46000 years ago. However, over the past few years, the use of text in art, also known as the art of typography, has become a frequent means of communication for artists in the creation of their works. Text within art can be projected, scrawled, painted, computerised and carved to the point that a work may be created of nothing but language. The art of typography is the technique of arranging type in such a way that makes language visible. It treats fonts as individual entities to be enjoyed by the audience. Some artists deal with language as a character on its own as opposed to a surface to draw upon. These artists place texts in ways that are intended to stimulate the way an audience perceives a work, to evoke emotion or to create a statement. However, others, particularly graphic designers, tend to focus on the decorative powers of text. Regardless of the artist’s intentions, the appearance of text within art can shift our appreciation of their sound and meaning. Artists that explore text in art include: Barbara Kruger, Yukinori Yanagi, Katarzyna Kozyra, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu, Shirin Neshat, Miriam Stannage, Colin McCahon and Jenny Watson. Artists such as Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and Shirin Neshat explore the cultural implications of language in art and the importance of language to identity through the inclusion of text that reflect a postmodern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary society. Jenny Holzer is an American conceptual artist who belongs to the feminist branch of artists that emerged during the 1980’s. Originally an abstract painter and printmaker, Holzer became heavily interested in conceptual art and began creating works using text. The introduction of text within Holzer’s work occurred gradually however, over time, they have entirely replaced images. These works are usually displayed in widely viewed, public areas. Holzer’s works typically deal with the idea of communication. She is highly aware of the power of words and the power of the media and therefore has a focus on the ability of language to distort or manipulate truths. â€Å"I was drawn to writing because it was possible to be very explicit about things. If you have crucial issues, burning issues, it’s good to say exactly what’s right and wrong about them, and then perhaps to show a way that things could be helped. So, it seemed to make sense to write because then you could just say it†¦ no painting seemed perfect. In particular, I didn’t want to be a narrative painter, which maybe would have been one solution for someone wanting to be explicit.† – Jenny Holzer. Through the use of text in art, Holzer is able to transmit powerful environmental, social and political messages that reveal beliefs and myths and show biases and inconsistencies that highlight her social and personal concerns of today’s contemporary society. Holzer’s works are confronting and provocative and inspire us to make changes. They make us remember that language is not always a factual statement; it can be true or false depending on the context. Holzer forces us to analyse our own behaviour and consider how we have been influenced and manipulated. Her works are designed to make us stop and think about how we are maturing socially. Holzer’s truisms â€Å"MONEY CREATES TASTE – 1982† and â€Å"PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT – 1985† are part of her 1983-85 series – â€Å"Survival†. These are LED installation pieces consisting of large scale text that were projected onto a billboard in Times Square, New York. The inscriptions were bright, clear and menacing and connected themselves to the everyday glow of the city. The phrases were flicked over the busy intersection for two to three seconds creating an element of surprise and capturing the audience’s attention. The main focus of these works was to make a profound statement about the world of advertising and consumer society today. Holzer’s aim was to persuade the audience to pause and reflect on their lives. Her work emphasises the notion that within our society, we are driven by the world of media, thereby producing a mass materialistic, consumerist culture. â€Å"MONEY CREATES TASTE† is almost a plea from Holzer to stand back and assess our needs as a culture rather than what we are fed to believe we want by the media. The use of this concise statement â€Å"PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT† has shown us that we are in the process of losing our identity and sense of culture and can be manipulated by the underlying motives of the media. Shirin Neshat is an Iranian born artist who, upon turning seventeen, moved to California to study art. In 1990 when Neshat flew back to Iran to visit her family, she was confronted by the changes in culture and the narrow restraints of everyday life in the Islamic Republic. She was faced by a very strict, pure form of Islam introduced by the Iranian government in order to erase Persian history. Since having lived in the two cultural contexts of Iraq and the USA, Neshat is able to examine the cultural concerns of individual beings in a metaphorical and poetic way. She attempts to address problems of identity, race and gender in a shocking manner and intends to undermine social stereotypes and assumptions. Her works explore the differences between Islam and the West, males and females, limitations in life and freedom, old and new and the public and the private domains. Neshat aimed to provoke questions amongst her audience as she explored Islam through her art making and comments on issues related to feminism and multiculturalism. However, her works were not only confrontational and symbolic; Neshat also paid particular attention to aesthetics. In her 1994 print and ink, â€Å"Rebellious Silence†, Neshat depicts an Islamic, Muslim woman, covered in a veil holding a gun. Her calm face is divided by the starkness of the cold, steel weapon and is laced with Islamic calligraphy symbolic of the Niqab, a more extreme veil that an Islamic woman must wear as it signifies her obedience to the male supremacy in Islamic culture. Her clothing and weapon make us question whether this woman has rejected her submissive female role to embrace violence. She is looking directly at the camera and looks determined to fight. Questions of motives arise amongst the audience. Neshat’s 1996 work â€Å"Speechless† is a black and white photograph in which Neshat has chosen to make herself the subject. This image is a close up of Neshat’s face. She looks determined and powerful however, like her creation â€Å"Rebellious Silence† – her face is covered with an overlay of Islamic text. The Arabic inscriptions that create the veil act as a barrier. It symbolises the support of the Islamic revolution. The visual struggle between Neshat and the veil is representational of the fight for freedom and the support of religion. By putting the text on her face, the body part where people can identify emotions the most, it serves as a reminder of the power that religion has over women and the oppression it has towards free expression. The gun in the picture is another juxtaposition. The woman seems to be embracing the gun as a part of her, giving off a threatening feeling, but at the same time, it does not feel dangerous because of her conflicted emotions: freedom versus oppression. The inscriptions tell of a man who died in the Iran/Iraq conflict of the 1980’s. This is also insulting to the women who also experienced this conflict. Her art does not disapprove nor approve of Islam, but instead encourages the audience to reflect upon their own ideas, assumptions and expectations. He works carry both personal and emotional connotations. Wenda Gu was born in China and studied traditional, classical landscape painting. He was employed to teach ink painting and although he no longer practices in China, text remains central to his work. This initial technical training has provided the incentive for his most confronting pieces in which the powerful use of language challenges social and political traditions. â€Å"These are questioning and symbolic works that violate the orthodox doctrine of artistic value. They represent a direct threat to authority.† Michael Sullivan. Gu ambitiously attempts to address, in artic terms, the issue of globalism that dominates discussions of contemporary economics, society and culture. He aims to appeal not only to the present population, but also to future generations in his quest to extend the boundaries of human perception, feeling and thought and express humanity’s deepest wishes and powerful dreams. Gu strives to unify mankind and create a utopian feel within his works. Gu worked to simplify the Chinese language and to encourage people to embrace new attitudes towards their old language. He combines a long standing fascination with classical Chinese calligraphy with a contemporary take on universal concerns that cross cultural and ethnic boundaries. Gu’s work today focusses extensively on ideas of culture and his identity and has developed an interest in bodily materials and understanding humanity across ethnic and national boundaries. Gu’s 1994-96 work â€Å"Pseudo Characters Contemplation of the world† is a series of ink paintings in which he uses traditional calligraphic styles and techniques but subverts them with reversed, upside down or incorrect letters. The pseudo character series consists of three ink on paper scrolls in which he has combined calligraphy and landscape, disrupting the conventions of both, powerfully distorting artistic tradition of China. Gu has attacked the written word by glorifying the spirit of the absurd. Gu’s most significant artworks have been a series entitled â€Å"United Nations Project†. This is a series of 15 works that were conceptually planned to relate to the locations social, political, historical and cultural situation. This series confronts two taboos. That of language and the human body. The main material for these installations are human hair collected from hairdressers from all over the world and the hair itself serves as a connection to all people. They typically consisted of screens tied together with twine, forming a canopy of internationally collected hair that was fashioned into nonsensical scripts combining the Chinese alphabet and others. His works are distinguished by the two themes which intersect. The first relates to language and the way in which cultural conventions are signified ad the second, is the use of human hair which is a symbol for significant human endeavours. The human hair is a blueprint containing DNA information, which is common to all humans yet seen fundamentally as individual. Jenny Holzer, Shirin Neshat and Wenda Gu all explore the cultural implications of language within art. They share a prime focus on the links between culture and identity. They have used language and text to convey their powerful messages and have drawn upon their own personal experiences. Concerned with the human condition, both they and their artworks have had a significant impact on society and the way in which we interpret information. Madison ******** Year 12 Visual Arts Art History and Art Criticism. Essay on Text The inclusion of text in artworks reflects a post-modern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary society and the importance of language to identity. Explore the cultural implications of language in the work of Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and one other contemporary artist. Analyse specific artworks to support your argument.

Fuddy Meers Essay

They play was quite an interesting play with its use of comedy and tragedy. The actors did a terrific job on portraying the characters. The set was small so it was much easier to see their reactions. The introduction to the play was pretty unique with those people in tight pants and glitter all over everybody in the lobby. They never broke character no matter what went on in the lobby. Later they used as prompts on stage which was pretty interesting because at times I was so into the play I forgot they were there acting as a car or a door. Although Claire was the main character, the actor who played Millet had the best acting on stage. They way he switch between the two personality was amazing and hilarious. He portrayed the character really well and had me believing for a bit that he actually had a dual personality. His entrance on to the stage in every scene was perfect, every time he can on he was really enthusiastic and his enthusiasm did not fluctuate too much in the play, even though he was not playing one but two characters. The actress who played Claire portrayed the character well. From the beginning to the end she really captured the characters and her emotions. When she first entered on stage I was confused of what was going as she was walking aimlessly across the stage but later realized that was the whole point. She wanted the audience to believe she was confused and lost; and she did. I notice her break the fourth wall every now and then as she looked into the audience. I suppose it was part of the scrip to interact with the audience because she mostly did it when she was on the side doing random things with the people in tight pants. Her entrances where perfect every time, even though the scenes where being switched off between her and Richard in the car, she never seen to loose focus. You could clearly see every expression on her face which made it more realistic to the audience. The actor who played Richard could have done a better job on portraying his character. He wasn’t terrible it just looked like he was trying to hard; it just didn’t seem as natural. For example in the scene he gets pulled over by the lady cop, he was a little too jittery; no one really acts like that. Overall he did pretty decent job but could have done much better. The limping man, who was Zack than later we found out he was Claire ex husband, did an amazing job portraying his character. It wasn’t only his facial deformation, which I have to admit looked pretty real to me, but was the way he acted out the character, from the lisp to the scary deep voice, that made him truly incredible. He made the audience believe he was really deformed. The scene when he first took Claire and he was struggle to enter the window was pretty hilarious but he also gave an insight to what he character was going through. They endowed many things on the set, most of the things looked pretty realistic. In the scene when Richard and his son go looking for Claire they used a paper joint to endow the marijuana they were smoking but they did not portray being under the influence as well as they could have. Usually people that smoke pot are really laid back and giggly with short term memory loss not knowing what their doing half the time. They also endowed the officer’s gun which still look pretty real. When Claire was running up and down the stage with that knife it seem pretty dangerous but from where I was sitting I couldn’t even tell if it was real or fake. The overall play was excellent and it gave me an opportunity to learn from these actors what to do and not to do. They really had some tremendous actors on this set who did an amazing job on convincing the audience on what was going on in the play.

Computing Footprints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Computing Footprints - Essay Example One of the articles had the main punch line that three sectors of economy viz., housing, transport, and food together account for 50% of household spending on the average, and at the same time account for 70-75% of climate change and often other impacts. The rest of the paper is more on the methodology side, essentially supporting this finding. This finding is valid for different countries, different cities, and even different continents. Further, it is also valid across different methodologies and in particular across the two methodologies of LCA, viz., input and output base study, which is also called the ‘top-down’ approach and process life cycle inventory database study, termed the ‘bottom-up’ approach. While both methodologies are for life cycle assessment, the top-down study is more popular. Emphasizing the differences between top down and bottom up studies, Prof. Norris explained that the top-down approach uses input and output data based on consumption. Within the input and output data base study, we compare purchasing categories. The top-down study is based on uniform data source, uniform coverage, and approach, while the bottom-up study has to combine data from different studies and methodologies.     

Impact Of Anthropogenic Climate Change On Environment Essay

Impact Of Anthropogenic Climate Change On Environment - Essay Example Both proponents and opponents of man-made causes of climate change appreciate the warming effect of greenhouse gases (68). These gases include methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. Carnegie Mellon University further observes that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by between 10% and 30% from the start of the industrial revolution. These gases allow the sunlight into the Earth’s atmosphere and then trap a significant portion of this radiation, preventing the reflection of sun’s radiation back into space. This leads to a warming effect on the Earth thus the contribution of human activities to global warming. Secondly, scientists have been able to identify carbon-dioxide from human activities as the largest contributor to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thus attributing global warming to human activities. According to these scientists, the pre-industrialization period had the atmosphere contain only 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide. By 2010, this had increased to 390 parts per million. This additional 100 parts per million of carbon dioxide is what is attributed to human activities (Poortinga et al. 1017). To show that this extra carbon dioxide is from human activities, scientists use the fingerprinting technique. From this, it has been noted that natural carbon dioxide has some low portion of carbon-14. The lack of this carbon-14 isotope in the additional 100 parts per million of carbon dioxide attributes its source to human activities as opposed to natural factors. Finally, the proponents of man-made climate change give evidence against natural causes. This school of thought argues that if the current climate was following the natural trend, then, the Earth should have been cooling and not warming.

A summary of the statutory framework within which all recruitment and Assignment

A summary of the statutory framework within which all recruitment and selection at A G - Assignment Example Of course, a number of techniques and instruments will reveal this information about the applicant. The managerial candidate can only tolerate a reasonable amount of intervieweing, testing and disclosure of personal information. Perhaps it is the duty of the managers to exercise prudence and request only information that is essential and relevant to the job. By contrast, where skills are relatively scarce, where recruitment is costly or where it takes several weeks to fill a vacancy, turnover is likely to be problematic from a management point of view. This is especially true of situations in which you are losing staff to direct competitors or where customers have developed relationships with individual employees as is the case in many professional services organisations An organizational structure is composed of various positions designed to accomplish systems, goals, and objectives. Variety of managerial activities is essential to keep those positions staffed with personnel who have the knowledge, the skills, and he motivation to perform the roles effectively. It is becoming clear that considerable confusion emerges in an organization when the activities are performed independently. (Robbins, 2004) What is needed is an integrated system to deal with the total array of personnel activities. These include human resources planning, recruitment, selecting, induction, training and development, the intent of which is to attract in the organization personnel conceptualized in the design of the various positions filled. Organisations are the grand strategies created to bring order out of chaos when people work together. Organizations provide the skeletal structure that helps create predictable relationships among people, technology, jobs and resources. Wherever people join in a common effort, organization must be used to get productive results. Another difficulty in the recruitment and selection process concerns selection and hiring because time and cost are involved in making decisions. It is important to identify the factors that goes with the approach such as advertising expenses, agency fees, cost of testing materials, time spent for preparing test materials, time spent in interviewing applicants, cost for reference follow-up, medical examination, start-up time required for the newly hired candidate to get acquainted with the job, relocation, and orientation about policies of the organization. - A flow chart indicating the steps to be taken and the documents that should be produced, from initial discussions about the vacancy, through to finalisation of the appointment - Copy and layout for a newspaper or web

Branding and Marketing Director Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Branding and Marketing Director - Assignment Example As the discussion highlights to make the healthcare products to sell more, there will be a need to create a brand name and copyright on any original creation of the hospital so that they the business idea and the brand name cannot be leaked or stolen by other competitors. The marketing director will also have the task to plan and administer the hospital’s marketing operations budget. For the marketing department to function effectively there will be the need to carry out a thorough budgeting plan for the hospital so that the hospital can operate within a defined plan in order to avoid situations of deficit or surpluses. To operate on well planned budget will also ensure that resources are well distributed to the various marketing strategies so that the hospital can achieve its objectives through proper planning, budgeting and marketing of the hospital’s products. This paper outlines that a marketing director is also charged with a responsibility of editing materials according to specific customer and market requirements. This is to mean that, the director will have to carry out a research about different customer characteristics and behaviors, and then design healthcare products that can fit the defined customer groups. Just the same way in the food industry, a research is carried out to know the types of foods the customers prefer to use, the preparation type as well as the cost.

Accomplishments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accomplishments - Essay Example It was she who arranged me a music class every Saturday afternoons with the little bucks she obtained from her tailoring shop. As music was my passion, I learned all the lessons that my teacher taught me with great interest and enthusiasm. It took only six months for me to master the primary notes though they were really hard to practice. But still there was a problem; I never had a guitar to practice at home. As for me, a guitar was necessary to practice the long notes and rather difficult codes. For, the time that was available for me in the music class was quite little. Attracted by my enthusiasm my teacher promised me to grant me an old guitar with which he used to practice us. I was excited to hear it from my master because, getting a guitar for my own was a priceless gift for a child like me. I practiced with it earnestly and became a little expert at the age of nine. Until I finished my studies, I never paid much thought to showing my talents to the public.

Criminology and criminal justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology and criminal justice system - Essay Example The report shows that the witnesses and victims, on the other hand, get an entirely different treatment, they’re offered protection and kind words are offered to keep them calm. On first glance, it might seem unfair that since the system is not sure of their innocence, theirs or the suspects but again just like the system has criteria to meet in order to be able to arrest some one, they have their reasons of suspecting these people to be innocent and worthy of protection. Protection is provided so that the criminals might not try to hurt the witnesses or intimidate them into not coming to court, because this is the reality of our system, even if every one knows that a person is guilty of a crime but cannot be proved guilty albeit he contrived in the background for getting the witnesses out of the equation to eradicate proof in the form of intimidation or physical or fatal torture, even though everyone knows that for a fact, if it can’t be proved the person walks free an d it is for these reasons that there are many criminals plaguing the society but they have developed such strength and organization that the law cannot touch them. Our criminal system might not be perfect as regards to efficiency and sometimes even seem brutal especially if a mistake is made. It might some times seem unfair to give special treatment to some people but more often than not the law doesn't make the mistake of protecting the wrong person and the risk that their hypothetical guess as regards to one party’s innocence.... the manner in which all of this is imposed upon him isn't quite what an average human would haggle over but if it were a true con who were getting that treatment, of course it would be perfectly befitting. Perhaps that is what the authorities assume before undertaking any arrest. The criminal justice system perhaps prides itself for efficiency, there are a myriad number of checks the ground police have to go through before they can freely proceed to even search a suspected person's property let alone undertaking an arrest. The authorities take great care that they are not mistaken in their doubts of a person before they go charging up towards him to remind him or rather impose all his rights on him and try to persuade him that now may be the perfect time to start making use of them. Sure they might make a mistake some time and its most unfortunate for the society and of all people the accused when that happens but in order to keep a city clean of crime and cons policemen must be afforded some free movement as well, its up to the court to make the final decision and it is the duty of a policeman to bring a possible crime to light, it is only after a suspect meets all the criteria, and comes up to the bench mark of suspicion that our officers can go ahead and carry out an arrest, it is not an easy job, their prime incentives are to uphold the law and protecting the innocent. Keeping crime orientated people off the streets and keeping the pious ones

Entrepreneurship and New Ventures Research Paper

Entrepreneurship and New Ventures - Research Paper Example Because of these trends, there has been explosive growth in profitability in health clubs devoted to women’s needs that are both exclusive and have programs that are designed with female camaraderie in mind. In fact, in 2005, the entire global health club industry reported over 105 million members, with well over 50 percent concentrated in the United States (ihrsa.org, 2006). This indicates a sizeable potential market even when futher deconstructing the existing market to include only women and their active participation and desire in health club membership. Since the market for health clubs is divided nearly 50/50 for men and women who currently hold membership, it should be assumed that the potential market opportunities for health club development and ownership consists of 52 million women. What can explain this growing interest in the female market (consisting of 18-60 year old market characteristics) for health club use and membership? There are many factors that are both motivational at the intrinsic level and also relating to personal desire for a better body to satisfy vanity and tangible health care needs. Offers one expert organization pertaining to the health club industry, â€Å"women want to work out without having to worry about looking fat, sweaty or makeup free in front of a bunch of men they don’t know† (Dean, 2011, p.1). Women who are interested in women-only health clubs are finding personal camaraderie with others in an environment where they can comfortably exercise among women with similar body characteristics or other fitness goals. These environments provide for a sense of privacy and exclusivity and also maintain the potential to develop many long-term friendships developed through the sharing of individual health goal needs. There are also motivational elements that continue to provide intense profit for existing women’s only health clubs. According to Marandi, Little & Sekhon (2006), the values that drive w omen to these health clubs is a personal sense of accomplishment, self-respect, a more active lifestyle, and establishment of a sense of personal belonging with others. These motivational elements are psychologically-driven and are essentially uniform between all age groups, marital status, occupation, and lifestyle security (Marandi, et al.). Much to the advantage of this proposed health club development, there are no specific markets requiring segmentation that would supersede another, thus, again, providing virtually unlimited market potential with an active 52 million female market group. The industry outlook is significant, as existing companies that specialize in women’s health needs continue to diversify their product offerings and programs to sustain the benefits of women looking to establish better self-image and personal health. It is common in this industry to gain extended marketing presence and profitability through supplementary vitamin products, health and well ness books, and also the existence of new personal training activities such as massage therapists and other club professionals. Since 2009, 37.4 percent of all adults (both male and female) have used some variety of health

Early Childhood Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early Childhood Education - Essay Example It is a part of early childhood education and training. It provides an orientation to the child as the child is admitted here in the formative years. Pre-Kindergarten: It is often used in conjunction with the day care or child care. In the early childhood settings. Here child is given a formal academic training and provide focus on skill building, socializing activities. In these institutions activity based learning is provided so as to encourage social, physical, emotional and cognitive development. It is also called as preschool. Biggest Challenge: Now-a-days competition is becoming cut-throat and there is always a comparison among the parents about the capabilities of their child. This goes between the siblings also. Such comparisons can either de-motivate the child who is less counted and can encourage the morals of the child who is appreciated. It is a biggest challenge to make reforms in such attitude so as to provide encouragement to the budding potentials of the child, as every child counts. Results from NICHD SECCYD and SWEEP studies: The number of classrooms is maximum in SECCYD as compared to others. More emphasis is laid on the literacy/ language arts and on math in first grade as compared to other categories. In public preschool more time is devoted for science and social studies as compared to other categories.

Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Recommended Citation Khan, Adeel, Ethnic nationalism and the state in Pakistan, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, 2001. http://ro. uow. edu. au/theses/1736 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [emailprotected] edu. au Ethnic Nationalism and the State in Pakistan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from University of Woilongong by Adeel Khan Sociology Program, Faculty of Arts February 2001 Declaration I, Adeel Khan, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Sociology Program of Faculty of Arts, University of Woilongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Adeel Khan 26 February 2001 11 Aknowledgements I would like to thank the Sociology Program and the School of Critical Enquiry at the University of Woilongong for helping me to travel to Pakistan twice to do my fieldwork. In Pakistan there are too many people who have helped me in many different ways. I am grateful to all those academics, journalists, politicians, lawyers and activists who spared their time to speak to me. I would like to especially thank Mazhar Abbas who not only provided me with very useful information and contacts but also arranged meetings with the MQM leaders. I am indebted to Ahmed Shah and Ayub Shiekh for organising one of the most entertaining as well as productive trips to Hyderabad where they arranged meetings with Ibrahim Joyo and Rasul Bux Palejo and other Sindhi nationalists. In Lahore I had the pleasure of Khawar Malik and Imtiaz Alams company in one of the most dramatic months in Pakistans history when the chief justice and the prime minister were caught in a bizarre battle of ego that had created a serious political crisis. In Quetta, Abdul Sami Kakar, a former Pukhtim Student Federation activist, who was introduced to me by Tahir Mohammad Khan, was a wonderful company and great help in organising interviews with Baloch and Pukhtun nationalists. In Islamabad I shall always miss late Eqbal Ahmed with whom I had some of the most stimulating discussions. My supervisor, Stephen Castles, has been an unrelenting source of encouragement and inspiration. He not only encouraged me to think as deeply and as critically as possible but also, at times, forced me to explore different aspects of the argument whenever he felt I could do better. I have particularly benefited from Stephens knowledge of European history. What impressed me the most about Stephen, however, is that he is one of those people who are so comfortable with themselves that they hardly care what others think of them, and therefore they are unassuming and full of humility. I wish I could learn that from him, too. My wife, Rafat, deserves more than a few words of gratitude for she is the one who had to put up with my anxiety, self-doubt, writers block, mood swings, and all the other hazards that come with a person who agrees with Adomo that (o)nly those thoughts are frue which fail to understand themselves. I stand obliged to her for bearing with me. As is customary, and in legal terms, too, I must admit that only I am responsible for the mistakes and weaknesses in my work, but as I have made it obvious that I would not have been able to produce this work without the help of all those mentioned above, and therefore, morally at least, they cannot escape the responsibility. The only consolation I can offer to them is that I apologise for the mistakes and weaknesses and promise to try harder, next time, to fail better. Ill Abstract Nationalism is a way of dealing with a world where everything melts into thin air. It is a form of self-love in which individuals celebrate their collective identity. And like all forms of self-love it gets its strength more from the hatred of others than its love for the self Here lies the secret behind some of the most intractable conflicts in the world. Nationalism is, probably, the only form of self-love that gets its life-blood from an institution, the modem state. Had the state not been behind the self-love of the Germans, they would not have been able to torture and murder so many Jews in such a short period of time. Likewise, had the west not helped the Jews to establish their own state in Palestine, the Jews would never have been able to displace and kill so many Palestinians. Nationalism is not the pathology of the modem world, but is, as a sentiment and as a doctrine, only a pathetic way to deal with a pathetic world. But nationalism as a game of power, as a politics, is lethal and destructive. As a sentiment and as a doctrine nationalism may be the child of an unstable and fast changing world but as a politics it is the child of the nation state. This thesis explores the relationship between the nation-state and the nationalisms of four ethnic groups, namely, Pukhtun, Sindhi, Baloch and Mohajir, who have, at various points in time, contested the legitimacy of the administrative structure of the Pakistani state. It starts with identifying the issue of ethnic conflicts, goes on to review the available literature and then outlines a framework for studying ethnic IV nationalism. As the emphasis here is on the role of the modem state in provoking ethnic discontent and resistance the second chapter discusses the interventionist role of the state and tries to highlight its relationship with nationalism. The second section of the chapter looks at various approaches to nationalism and explains as to which approach is more suitable and why for dealing with ethnic nationalism. The third chapter endeavours to explicate the difference between pre-colonial and colonial state in India as well as the way the colonial state despite being modem was different from the modem state system in the west. The fourth chapter discusses the state system in Pakistan and argues that the postcolonial state is a replica of the colonial state. The next four chapters examine the emergence of four ethnic movements and their varying strategies for dealing with the centralising and homogenising policies of the state. Throughout, the focus remains on the ethnic groups distance from and proximity to the state system as the major factor in determining their relationships. Table of Contents Declaration Acknowledgments Abstract 11 iii iv Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Introduction Nationalism and the State Colonisation of the State in India Nationalisation of the Colonial State in Pakistan Pukhtun Ethnic Nationalism: From Separatism to Integrationism Baloch Ethnic Nationalism: From Guerilla War to Nowhere? Sindhi Ethnic Nationalism: Migration, Marginalisation, and the Threat of Indianisation Mohajir Ethnic Nationalism: El Dorado gone Sour! At a Crossroads as Ever Before! 1 24 45 67 99 133 Chapter 7 158 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 201 238 References Appendix A Interviews 244 259 VI The whole is the false Adomo Inversion of Hegels famous dictum, the whole is the true (1978:50) Vll Please see print copy for image Source: 1998 Census (Statistical Pocket Book of Pakistan, 2000) PAKISTAN.

Human Resources Culture Makes for Top Employer

Human Resources Culture Makes for Top Employer Vincent M. Mendez In 1966 at the North Carolina State University (NCSU), individuals from eight other universities where brought together by the National Institute of Health (NIH). The purpose of this group of individuals was to develop software to analyze data being developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The original product was identified as Statistical Analysis System (SAS). This gave way to both the name and corporate beginnings. In 1972 NIH ended funding for the project. When funding ended the members of the team decided to each contribute $5,000.00 a year to continue the project at NCSU. Over the next few years SAS software was licensed to various companies across the business spectrum. As more business requested the software it was determined in 1976 by the original developers to privatize their efforts. SAS Institute Inc. originated at 2806 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina (NC), building located across the street from NCSU. In the beginning the small business relied on everyone in the business to know and do everyone elses job. When a shipment of users manuals arrived, everyone stopped what they were doing and formed a human chain to hoist each box, person to person, to storage space on the second floor. (SAS Institute Inc., 2016). Throughout the rest of the seventies SAS continued to grow and add employees. SAS also expanded into the global market opening subsidiary office overseas. In 1980 SAS moved to its current Headquarters location in Cary, NC. What makes SAS Institute Inc. a great place to work. CEO James Goodnight put it best in interview by Angus Loten for CIO Journal by The Wall Street Journal. The culture is the heart of the company and started in the beginning. The question and answer follows: SAS is often cited as a great place to work. Why is it important for you to keep workers happy? Because we are maintaining software for years and years, and constantly improving it and adding new features and capabilities, its very important to retain the people who originally wrote it. To do that, weve tried to create a culture where we have a great deal of respect for people and that rewards innovation. We have a weekly meeting every Tuesday where we have any number of people will come over and do demos of what theyre working on, for upper management, so we get a constant view of all the new things people are working on. (Loten, 2016). Culture is the key to SAS Institute Inc. success. Employee satisfaction along with showing their value to the company, was always at the beginning of the corporate culture of SAS. Early employees have related that in the beginning on Hillsborough street, James H. Goodnight (co-founder and current CEO) would take everyone in his car down the street to the pizza place. The company paid for everything during these outings. This was a regular occurrence when 100 customers where added. Flexible work schedules along with free MMs and breakfast goodies were present from the beginning. SAS posted its first company bulletin in 1978, which was type written on a single page of paper and posted on the bulletin board. Technology was not the only innovation SAS was a leader. In the year after moving to their new location in Cary, NC, SAS broke new ground opening the first employee child care center in the basement of the Headquarters building. This was decision by the company to keep employees (valuable programmers) considered not returning to work after pregnancy. At this point in time this was an idea not even considered by companies. This goes back to the interview Goodnight had with the Wall Street Journal in early 2016. These ideas began with the formation of the company and years before this type of information was identified as Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). This was the first of the ideas which made SAS a leading company to work for world wide. However, this was not the end. Following the opening of the daycare center, SAS took employee needs to a whole other level. At their headquarters campus, they open a recreation and fitness center. A health care center was open on the campus to support employees and families. This was followed by the opening of a gourmet cafà © to serve meals to employees. These additions garnered SAS awards to include Healthiest Company to Work For by Health and Living Magazine. The health care center has been a valuable to both SAS and their employees. Confirmation by a study conducted in conjunction with Duke Health. The finding was reported in a news release from SAS. Key point was the health care center lead to lower costs for both SAS and employees. For 30 years, analytics leader SAS has operated an on-site Health Care Center (HCC) for the convenience of employees and dependents. Now, a new study led by researchers at Duke Health finds those who use the HCC for primary care are less likely to need emergency department visits or hospitalizations than those who do not. (SAS Institute Inc., 2016). SAS highlights these benefits by providing them to all employees regardless of location. This type of culture is proof of success in that over the years has kept a turnover rate to around four percent. Employees, which are in 149 countries, are provided the same services as those at the Headquarters in North Carolina. Now it is not feasible to build and sustain medical clinics at all these location, the company has adapted ways to provide these services. For instance, in remote locations benefits such as childcare and medical are subsidized with local service providers. SAS does not hide it success in employee satisfaction. This is evident by visiting their website (http://www.sas.com/en_us/careers/life-at-sas.html). At this location, the company outlines what a career with SAS would be like. The headline here is this quote: By taking care of our employees, the rest takes care of itself (SAS Institute Inc., 2016). This location further discusses the culture and benefits. By separating these two areas the company can show its commitment to employees. Under the umbrella of culture there are eight areas discussed. These all relate to the company and how it manages work environment such as: open style of management to worker relationship, work conditions (college style campus at headquarters location), continuing employee growth, flexible work schedule allowing time during the day for fun and fitness, return investments (education and volunteer), and conservation. Benefits discusses four areas pertaining directly to the employee: money, career, health, and life. The founders of SAS had a vision and in that vison had the forethought that to succeed the company would not only have to provide a top line product but employ top line people. This has made for adjustments to business strategies, which requires changes to SHRM, easy and transparent. In other words: Organization development is a systematic approach to improving organizational capability, ie the capacity of an organization to function effectively in order to achieve desired results (Armstrong, 2016, p. 96). The company culture provides for change and growth. This type of corporate culture emulates SHRM. Much research has been carried out, which has shown that there is a correlation between good HRM practice and organizational performance. (Armstrong, 2016, p. 17). Being on the forefront of ideas which are now identified in discussions related to SHRM helps keep SAS as a leading place to work. The key to this is how to maintain and go forward into the future. SAS continues to be a leading place to work for many years. In 2016 Fortune ranked SAS the number two global company to work for. The reasons for the ranking came from Great Place to Work  ® reviews which related: At SAS Institute Inc., 94 percent of employees say their workplace is great (Great Place to Work, 2016). The survey provided a review of what employees think about the company and lists all the perks and programs SAS provides. What was discussed in this paper seems to be just the tip of the benefits. SAS by being far advanced in the idea of SHRM continues to adapt and change to new world and technological developments. In doing so has never forgotten to provide new and current customers great products and services requires those employees who got them in the first place. These practices has kept SAS a leader is analytical analysis and employee satisfaction. References Armstrong, M. (2016). Handbook of Strategic Human Resource Management. In M. Armstrong, Handbook of Strategic Human Resource Management (p. 17 p. 96). Philadelphia: Kogan Page Ltd. Great Place to Work. (2016, Aug 24). Great Place to Work SAS Institute Inc. Retrieved from Great Place to Work: http://reviews.greatplacetowork.com/sas Loten, A. (2016, Mar 08). SAS Institute CEO, the Godfather of Analytics, Sees Future in the Past. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal, CIO Journal: http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2016/03/08/sas-institute-ceo-the-godfather-of-analytics-sees-future-in-the-past/ SAS Institute Inc. (2016, Feb 03). Fewer ER, hospital visits for employer health center patients, per major academic medical center study. Cary, NC. Retrieved Dec 27, 2016, from http://www.sas.com/en_us/news/press-releases/2016/february/sas-duke-study-employer-health-care-centers.html SAS Institute Inc. (2016, May 10). Life at SAS. Retrieved 2016, from SAS, Careers, Life at SAS: http://www.sas.com/en_us/careers/life-at-sas.html SAS Institute Inc. (2016). SAS Institute Inc. Company Information. Retrieved Dec 27, 2016, from Company History 1976-1980: www.sas.com/en-us/company-infomation.html#1976-1980

Blade Runner: A Post Modern Dystopia?

Blade Runner: A Post Modern Dystopia? Utopias and Dystopias To what extent can Blade Runner be considered to be a prime example of a post-modern dystopia? What is Dystopia? First to define dystopia, you need to know what is utopia. In 1551 Thomas More published the first English description of a fiction based on the ideal society with economic stability and harmonious political system. Mores Utopia was that of a society where no one owned property citizens simply had the right to move wherever they wanted, everyone was to wear the same clothes there was no jealousy or envy of ones social status or wealth. No one lived in poverty, there was no hunger or violence to More and many it was the ideal world. The word Utopia comes from the Greek meaning no place and good place in Latin. Interestingly Mores utopia had slaved labour along with intense social control limiting freedom for individuals. So, what is dystopia and dystopian fiction? Dystopias are the complete opposite of utopia, with societies living imperfect, with extreme surveillance, social control, propaganda and paranoia. The term dystopia first came around in the nineteenth century by English philosopher John Stewart Mill in 1868. But it wasnt until the twentieth century and after world war two that the term became popular in novels and films. Dystopian fiction focuses on political and cultural issues George Orwells 1984 one of the most iconic dystopian novels write after world war two in 1949. This was a time of a totalitarian society such as the Nazi Germany and Soviet Union, Orwell implemented the thought police and big brother gaining complete control over citizens and their thoughts. The frightening element of dystopias is they are almost always relevant to current world affairs highlighting the dangers of what could happen given the circumstances. Dystopian fiction always portrays cultural and political sources such as; totalitarian, growing awarene ss of environmental damage, technology rapidly enhancing, surveillance, television, human engineering. Blade Runner (1982) The highly influential bleak dystopian view on the future the film Blade Runner was realised in 1982 it became one of the most popular dystopian science fiction films, it is based on a 1968 science fiction novel Do Androids dream of electric sheep? by Phillip K. Dick. Blade Runner displays a post-apocalyptic setting after a nuclear war with its focus on the dystopian urban environment. Blade Runner is interlinked with cyberpunk, displaying environmental collapse and technological evolution. The feel is claustrophobic throughout the film its enclosed dark, rainy and gloomy, the multicultural streets are heavily dominated by the Asian culture portraying a scene underclass. Everyone who could afford to the rich have gone to live off world with the rest left to get by economically less fortunate. Most of the films animals are extinct or endangered due to radiation, only the rich can afford to have animals. The plot focuses on the protagonist Rick Deckard, a bounty hunter with the task of eliminating six nexus androids, the androids Rick has to dismiss are almost identical to humans. It is considered to be a neo-noir film with its use of Deckard being antihero, the crime setting and also Rachel the femme fatale. The future of Los Angeles scene of decay and decline, the coming to the end of humanity with synthetic people that feel human striving for an extension to their lifespan. The film also includes aspects of modern urbanisation, globalisation and bio-engineering. Blade Runner didnt do particularly well at the box office on its first release in 1982, but has since become a huge critical success as a classic dystopian science fiction. There is a range of literature on Blade Runner in books and on websites, it is often highlighted as a postmodern film. In the Original Blade Runner, the director realised the film with a noir voice-over with futuristic, dystopian images where is time manipulated as a 1950s film displaced into the future although the shadows and constant rain fit in with the film-noir style. Blade Runner wants the audience to believe it is set in 2019, although evidence suggests its in the past,ÂÂ   with eighties clothes, music and haircuts. The questions the film asks is what is the meaning of humanity in the postmodern age, when the distinction between human and machine is unclear. Can emotions be programmed or humanity manufactured, these are the same questions postmodern philosophers ask; how we come to terms with the world when the image overrides the individual. Blade Runners Los Angeles has been compared to a postmodern city with its huge advertising promoting off world colony with the idea that the rich have fled to a better equivalent. Postmodernism is a period in cultural history, just as romanticism was. Modern culture, modernism in the early twentieth century this was a very powerful movement, before the first world war there was the idea that technology was bringing a better future after the first world war this idea collapsed technology made weapons for war especially during the holocaust the idea was that technology is not the best way to the perfect world. Postmodern culture is typically defined by characteristics; Technology, In particular technological development in relation to genetics, nuclear power and all aspects of information technology. Post modernism is associated with dominant emotions in postmodern cinema, literature and art, there are certain recurrent emotions such as paranoia. There is a sense of disorientation, alienation, disconnect a sense of being in outer space. Characters are emotional cripples, with no authentic emotions, no real feeling, artificial, fake postmodern culture explores the idea of artificial human engineering as more desirable than the real natural being. Film noir has a very strong influenced throughout the film, the constant rain, darkness, shadows and crime that being said the film also interoperates textual varieties a mixture of genres; science fiction, bioengineering, cyber-punk fiction and 1940s noir. Time travel is a big characteristic, travelling back and forwards in time and memory distortion. Post humanism the idea that human beings are technological enhanced and improved these characteristics can be found in Blade Runner. One of the defining movements of post modernism is the hope for a better future, a utopia, that fails and leaves you with a deep sense of pessimism of disorientation, a sense of deep uncertainty. Critics argue whether Blade Runner is a prime example of a postmodern film, Baudrillard states that Another film often cited as postmodern is Ridley Scotts Blade Runner (1982), in which science, technology and progress are all questioned and shown in some way to have failed. The world in Blade Runner is polluted by industry and overcrowding: only the rich escape to the off-worlds. One of the key themes of the film is the blurring of the differences between the real and the artificial, between the humans and the replicants. Increasingly it is no longer possible to be clear about what it means to be human. Nick Lacey, argues that Blade Runner isnt in fact postmodern and that director Ridley Scott shied away from the postmodern view of the world.ÂÂ   Blade Runner a production of mainstream cinema only films with an independent sensibility are able to fully represent the disturbing post human this is because the ideals of romantic love are central to patriarchal societys needs. (Lacey 2005) Lacey believes Blade Runner fails to portray a postmodern view of the human condition with the films scenes of the Tyrell buildings then shots of filthy streets below, it exposes the anger towards the upper class the better off citizens able to live off world. With Blade Runner being set in 2019, but strong evidence of the past is typical of postmodern films warning the audience the dangers of the future. Blade Runner explores future ideas where the fake becomes real, cars fly, scientists plant memories into machines etc. the examples of the fake becoming real and dangerous replicants escaping to earth portray post modernism into the future. Some themes in Blade Runner adhere to the orthodox dystopian cinema genre, the representation of romance conforms to gender stereotypes. Blade Runner uses the symbol of an owl as women, the role of women in the film are played by three lead females. The women are exposed as being products that can be sold or bought, a product, model of pleasure. Douglass E. Williams notes how the noir film elements in Blade Runner follow the same gender hierarchies of the 1940s distinguishing females into two categories, one sexual and treacherous, the other chaste and good. (Williams, 1988 pg390) its an example of modernity transferred into post modernity on the description of women. Blade Runner highlights a message that the future is hopeless. Marking a new age showing its dystopian end postmodernism flows throughout the film the gloomy dark rain and moody atmosphere. Rapidly enhanced technology but appears outdated. The film projects what chaos can be instilled when people reject the modern period. It displays the future as well as holding onto the past creating post industrialism. Begley Varun, wrote an academic journal on Blade Runner as a postmodern, Varun writes of evident criticism in Blade Runner, particularly its problematic encounter with postmodernism.ÂÂ   In hindsight, this encounter testifies to fundamental ambiguities in the postmodern enterprise, ambiguities with significant social and political implications. I will argue that postmodern accounts of Blade Runner depend on a series of strategic exclusions. Such accounts effectively displace not only modernist readings of the film, but also questions of narration, genre, popularity, and the specificity of the film medium. Lost amid the theoretical battlefield of the modern and postmodern are the films material and ideological contexts; Blade Runners cultural intelligibility is blurred by the modern/ postmodern exchange. This critical impasse underscores the troubled politics of postmodernism as if confronts commercial narrative and other forms of popular culture. Roughly speaking, critical responses to Blade Runner fall on either side of a modern/postmodern line. Postmodernist accounts diametrically oppose reading strategies dependant on conventional aesthetic notions (narrative, character, structure, reference, metaphor, symbol, etc.) that collectively we might term modernist. These two approaches entail radically different positions on the nature and function of interpretation. Modernist readings presuppose this films structural and semiotic depth, in stark contrast to the postmodernist emphasis on its surfaces. Some modernist interpretations discern utopian fantasies of redemption and transcendence embedded in the films apocalyptic veneer, A postmodernist approach, by contrast, emphasises the films resistance to the interpretive impulse, its voiding of symbolic, utopian and narrative meaning. The depthless postmodern surface incorporates fragments of once-meaningful codes and conventions that are now blankly cited without context or refere nt. The result is not a coherent aesthetic structure but an opaque and resistant pastiche. (B. Varun 2004) In Blade Runner, the postmodern aesthetic in the plots set design, effects, dialogue and language have been explored by many theorists. Reference List Begley,V (2004) Academic Journal Article Literature/Film Quarterly Blade Runner and the Postmodern: A Reconsideration https://www.questia.com/libary/journal/1p3-699892921/blade-runner-and-the-postmodern-a-reconsideration

Trotskys Contribution to the Success of the Bolsheviks up to 1922 Essa

Without contribution from crucial individuals politically involved in Russia at the time, the success of the Bolsheviks and the proceeding (ideally) Communist government may have been less then what we know today. One such individual was Trotsky.Trotsky made a vital contribution to the success of the Bolsheviks up to 1922. As Lenin made clear in 1918 Trotsky was in his view the only person able to save the revolution. Trotsky was a member of the Social Democratic Party and was living in exile in America. Surprised by the February revolution in Petrograd in 1917 he returned to Russia arriving in May 1917. In this revolution, he was the one who persuaded Lenin to hold off the attack until he was sure that the Bolshevik?s had a much more secure hold on the country. This led to the abdication of the Tsar and the establishment of a Provisional Government led by Kerensky. Although he had been a Menshevik (a branch of the Social Democratic Party which believed that there would be a workers uprising leading to a revolution) he was rapidly convinced by Lenin?s views to become a Bolshevik (a branch of the Social Democratic Party that believed a small organised party was needed to spearhead a revolution) and by June 1917 he was regarded by Lenin as the ?number 2? in the Bolshevik party. Trotsky had exceptional leadership qualities that helped the Bolsheviks to success. He was an opportunist, intelligent, pragmatic and persistent. Trotsky was a very effective public speaker and because of this ability, could get huge amounts of support on his side. He used real life comparisons so as to engage his audience. He was able to store confidence and trust in the public and the army, which was a massive contribution to the Bolshevik?s success... ... travel to the points where the fighting was the fiercest to provide support. By doing this he was able to boost moral, rally and inspire his men in a way that other leaders, especially White leaders, could not. What's more, it was Trotsky who decided to save Petrograd when it was under threat from Yudenich, when Lenin had lost all other hope. People were most impressed with Trotsky?s skill to turn the Red Army, which started off as barely anything, into a fighting army of around five million by the end of 1920. Trotsky was the main negotiator with the German when the peace treaty was made. Although Russia lost huge amounts of land, Trotsky decided that it was best to get out of the war, whatever the cost. The situation was that of such poverty in Russia at the time. In this treaty, Russia lost 54% of its industry, 26% of the railways and 89% of their coalmines.

Prejudice and Racism †All We Need is Love, All We Got is Hate :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

As the snow covered the house that my grandma occupies, I looked out the window to the neighbor's front door, their mailbox, and the circular driveway they had. It was just another home, where kids could build a snowman or throw snowballs on the front lawn. But there where no children or snowmen here. And beneath the snow, the word "N-I-G-G-E-R" was written in the grass. A family- a home- where they had bothered no one. One night someone decided to take weed killer and burn it in giant letters into their lawn. This is why our nation, the melting pot of many races, needs to confront the problem and deal with what really is in front of us. When I first really thought about this, I thought, this is not Mississippi, or Alabama; this is Michigan, and it's in my grandma's neighborhood. And the thing is, their a normal family, just like any other. They went on trips in the summer, and spring, and this time came back to a message on the lawn. I sat there that day watching cars go by their house as if it were haunted or something. I guess it can happen anywhere. But this snow-covered house is still a reflection of America, white on top with a hatred burning underneath. I go to a college, where the races meet every day. Colored man helps white man; white man helps colored man. Doesn't sound right ? That's how bad our society has gotten. Disturbing? Of course. But what is more disturbing is, lately when these issues of racism have come up, there seems to be impatience and annoyance. "Does everything have to be racism?" people ask. And they're always complaining that "It's just a little thing." No, it's not. People are always saying that there is little prejudice. But how is that true ? It's like saying you're a little pregnant; can't happen. But this is nothing new. How many times have you heard "He's fast; for a white guy." Or "White men can't jump," Or "All black guys can jump and dance." And in reality these are all hateful things to say. As whites, we are the majority, and don't always realize it. And whenever there's racist complaints, we say "OK, we'll change" with a sigh. It's the white's who go crazy to get black athlete's autographs. They say "We love you!" yet how many would let them date your daughter? Although I say this, I do believe that some progress has been made. But I do think that when you're the majority, you do have to guard against

Health Risk Assessment Bnt’s Story Essay

To die with dignity should be a given. Death will present itself to everyone eventually and presumably no one in their right mind would choose not to die with dignity. That being said why is it that so many people who would choose to die a good death are no allowed to. For some people no death is a good death, but that is silly because as everyone knows death is inevitable. No one can escape this fact. The controversy herein lies within the circumstances people who are suffering or lingering with a terminal illness that debilitates them such that they have no quality of life are not afforded the comfort of dying with dignity. It seems that this high merit is available to our beloved pets, but not our beloved family members. Aunt Bessie is forced to endure unrelenting pain from here incurable pancreatic cancer. No amount of pain medication is available to treat her pain and allow her to maintain consciousness. She knows her time is limited and she does not feel she should have to wait out the inevitable in such a terrible state. At the same time the family pet Bassett hound is found to have a mass in her intestines. She cannot eat and barely moves as she is in so much pain. The veterinarian has given the option of putting her to sleep or euthanizing her to put her out of her misery as she is suffering so. This sits well with most people. Aunt Bessie requesting euthanization though is out of the question. Why is the question that this paper will attempt to answer and why this is wrong will also be addressed? Euthanasia Defined Euthanasia can bring about different feelings to people depending on the context in which it is used. Mention that good old dog and it is good as they no longer suffering. Change the identity to a person and it is not so easily swallowed. No matter how it is interpreted the true meaning of the act is the same in either circumstance. â€Å"Originating from the Greek terms â€Å"eu† (happy or good) and â€Å"thanatos† (death), euthanasia means literally â€Å"happy death† or â€Å"good death. † (Le Baron Jr. , 1999). Breaking that definition down even further is subdivisions in the definition are voluntary/involuntary and active/passive: â€Å"Voluntary euthanasia is a death performed by another with the consent of the person being killed. Non-voluntary euthanasia is the provision of euthanasia to an incompetent person according to a surrogate’s decision. Involuntary euthanasia is euthanasia performed without a competent person’s consent. Passive euthanasia involves allowing a patient to die by removing her from artificial life support systems such as respirators and feeding tubes or simply discontinuing medical treatments necessary to sustain life. Active euthanasia, by contrast, involves positive steps to end the life of a patient, typically by lethal injection† [ (Le Baron Jr. 1999) ] Euthanasia brings tranquility to death. In euthanasia the suffering prior to death is limited and death is entered more peacefully as opposed to lingering with pain and suffering. Presumably most people would want to end their journey in life without pain and suffering. A more compassionate death is a more desirable death. However to know what euthanasia actually means requires more exploration into the depth of this term. Practical Problems Euthanasia can bring about bad feeling to some people. After all when the term is used it is in relationship to death. In our culture and to numerous people death or speaking about death is taboo. This is an unfortunate fact. What is most unfortunate is that death is inevitable and therefore discussion regarding it should be more open. Essentially the problem with euthanasia is this taboo associated with it. Ethically euthanasia is an appropriate and well warranted act of kindness and consideration. Support of euthanasia will be provided within the context of this paper, and the potential negative issues will also be brought up. Ethics Argument For The ethical principles that can justify euthanasia are many. This is because the premise of euthanasia is based upon the idea of caring. This idea of caring is inherent to most care givers and is the key principle in euthanasia. Such acts of caring resonates through theses ethical principles and frameworks: Respect of persons, Virtue ethics, Utilitarian, Rights based ethics and ethics of caring. These frameworks or principles although many will all show supportive qualities for euthanasia. Respect of Persons In respect of persons the support of euthanasia is found in that the principle here is that individuals are afforded autonomy and able to make their own decisions. When a person chooses not to suffer at the end of their life this is an autonomous decision. â€Å"Respect for persons generally means respecting a client’s autonomy† (Ethical Principles, 2011). That person in the eyes of this principle is just in making that call. The respect of person principle sustains this in its foundation. â€Å"The principle of respect for persons affirms the primary importance of allowing individuals to exercise their moral right of self determination. To violate their ability to be self-determining is to treat them as less than persons. (Bennette-Woods, 2001). Therefore, this principle is then supportive of euthanasia when decided upon by an individual. Virtue Ethics With the act of euthanasia people are seeking the good by allowing a good death. Suffering is not permitted to go on until death. Rather death is allowed to happen prior to a lengthy battle with pain and suffering. Virtue ethics is doing good and for the right reason. Forcing peop le to live with pain and suffering would not be characterized as good. So presumably then allowing for euthanization is good. Because it is done in response to alleviate further pain or suffering it satisfies the right reason aspect. In another view the dying patient is taking a virtuous stance. â€Å"Some dying patients consider it virtuous to spare friends and family the ordeal of witnessing a slow process of degeneration† (van Zyl, 2002, p. 19). This again satisfies the criteria for virtue ethics. Utilitarian In encompassing the utilitarian ethical frame work consideration must be made for the balance of the greatest good. Allowing a person to die a â€Å"good death† will promote the greatest happiness for both the person and for those remaining behind. Sure there will be unhappiness in that there is a loss with the person dying, but the greatest happiness will be in knowing that the person is no longer suffering and that the pain of their disease is not torturing them any longer. This satisfies part of the balance. The other part is on behalf of the individual who is suffering. There is much good in ending a life from pain and suffering. A â€Å"good death† is much more desirable then a death of unrelenting pain and suffering. Therefore the balance of the greater good is established here and the utilitarian frame work is established. Right Based Ethics The right to die is an inevitable right. â€Å"Advocates of euthanasia argue that people have a right to make their own decisions regarding death, and that euthanasia is intended to alleviate pain and suffering†. (Nargus, 2012) It is of the belief of many that all people hold this one true right. Dying is ultimate natural right. â€Å"The patient has the right to make the decision about when and how they should die, based on the principles of autonomy and self-determination† (Nargus, 2012). This alone substantiates the use of rights based ethics and upholds this as an ethical point for euthanasia. Ethics of Caring This is the final ethical stance that will be used to persuade the positive perspective of euthanasia. To care is the essence of this ethical principle. To care would be to not allow suffering with pain at the end of life. Compassion is a must in the ethics of caring and allowing pain and suffering to continue cannot be construed as compassionate. â€Å"The ethic of care demands that we maintain conditions under which caring can flourish†. (Bennette-Woods, 2001) How better to show a sense of caring then by stopping suffering, stopping pain and allowing for a good death. Ethics of caring is the basis for most nursing philosophies and can be equated to most nursing principles. Care is not just in the physical sense, but the emotional sense as well. Care is delivered when euthanasia is allowed. Ethics Argument Against The arguments proposing that euthanasia be allowed were provided and supported. Now a few counterarguments will be analyzed and provided. Kant’s original ethical framework intent was clearly against the use of euthanasia, but a newer vision of Kantian ethics could also be supportive of the act. However, the argument against it in this framework will be what is focused on. Nonmaleficence framework can also be argued against euthanasia. This theory bases itself on doing no harm and depending what is perceived as harm is how this argument can be made. Kantian Ethics â€Å"A moral action is one that is performed solely for the purpose of meeting a moral obligation, and the action itself can only be judged moral in light of the intention behind it†. If the intention produces death it cannot be a good intention. Death although now relieved of suffering is the outcome. With Kantian ethics the end result is not at question. The person no longer suffering perspective is not of any value. The point is euthanizing a person is morally wrong and the outcome (alleviating pain and suffering) has no bearing in the matter. This is why this argument was not used in the pros. The outcome has to matter. Nonmaleficence Ethics â€Å"The principle of Nonmaleficence states that we should act in ways that do not inflict evil or cause harm to others. In particular, we should not cause avoidable or intentional harm. (Bennette-Woods, 2001) While some people feel that causing an earlier death as with euthanasia is harmful not everyone shares this view. â€Å"Professional organizations have invoked professional obligations as an argument against support and participation in assisted suicide and euthanasia†. [ (Ersek, 2004) ]. For those that do this could certainly be understood as argument against euthanasia. However, for others the harm is noted in the continuance of a life of suffering. Catholic Moral Tradition Each human life is considered sacred and deserving of a right to life. This is the position that the Catholic moral tradition stands behind. According to the Roman Catholic perspective, we are not obliged to ward off death at all costs, but we should not deliberately intervene to bring death about (Euthanasia a Catholic Perspective, 1987)†. The church goes on to say that† the end of human life is not subject to a person’s free judgment† (Euthanasia a Catholic Perspective, 1987). This theory protests that as in birth; death can only be implemented by God. However, even the church has come to make exceptions or loop holes that allows for euthanasia to happen. In the double effect principle medication can be given in large doses to relieve pain. The patient will succumb to death as a result of this medication, and that is ok. As long as the intention is to relieve pain, not cause death the Catholic moral traditions is receptive to this. It seems as if the church has struggle d with this issue in the past and the best that they can deliver is this double effect doctrine. (This was actually developed in the 15th century). . Final Justification â€Å"A slow, painful, undignified death is a fate that most of us would not wish on our worst enemies† (Dyer, 1999) yet this fate are often offered to people, loved ones and family members. This categorically should not be. Euthanasia theories have been presented and supported both for and against the act. What it comes down to is how individuals understand things. Some religious factions are adamant that this act is strictly forbidden. This author does not share these views. There is no argument that it is wrong to kill someone. However, there has to be availabilities for exceptions. When an act is done for all the right reason it then becomes a just act. When a person is deemed terminal and is some way suffering then this would create such an â€Å"except†. This is only one of an infinite number of â€Å"except† possibilities. Each case presenting itself must be evaluated for its ethical morality. Evaluation can be accomplished by using the previous theories presented in favor of euthanasia. Should the case lend itself to these proposed theories then it is indeed a just act. Pets are not made to suffer a miserable final existence (associated with the love of them) neither should people. Loved ones, family, friend or foe no one deserves to die suffering when a good death is an option.

Case Study Diverticular Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The forged bowel is intimately 1.5m in aloofness and is made up of 4 headman occasions the cecum, go uping colon, transverse colon, go colon, sigmoidalal colon and the rectum. Its chief act is to transport bumble out of the original structure and to absorb H2O from the waste before it leaves. It is made up of trine beds, the outermost bed muscularis, in- amidst bed the mucose wind layer and innermost mould the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane is where wholly the re-absorption takes topographic point whilst the muscularis is responsible for peristaltic motions. Diverticular sickness is most common in the sigmoid colon part. A diverticulum ( diverticulosis ) is a air pocket like pouch which is formed from the mucous membrane and undertakings by the colon palisade. This put acrosss as a consequence of thither world a failing in the wall and at many diverticula thunder mug submit at any star clip. They be anyway vascular and take in a rich declination s upply. A failing in the wall set up so be accompanied by an step-up in extort per building block subject field of the bowel delinquent to the wideanimous all all oertaking clog. If at that place is a deficiency of fictitious character and H2O in the pabulum the johns mystify dry and little, and the enteric musculuss must exhort with gr devourer force to go through the cooks along, bring for smallg a soaringer force per unit argonna in the uncollectible bowels. The extra force per unit ara leads to weak musca volitanss in the colon walls that finally pouch out and mould pouches called diverticula. Most frequently, the pouches signifier in the sigmoid colon, which is the write raze left portion of the colon that connects to the rectum. This country of the colon is capable to the highest nerve pennyer of force per unit ara because it is the narrowest part of the galactic bowel ( E health MD ) . Diverticula vary in coat notwithstanding tend to be between 5 -10mm and in extremes instances support light up up to 20mm ( WGO ) .Diverticulitis is a status in which diverticuli in the colon rupture. The rupture consequences in infection in the tissues that surround the colon ( Medicinenet.com ) . Diverticular infirmity is many symptomless(prenominal) as mentioned earlier and many slew who induce it are non ever aware that they have the status. Many affected roles experience symptoms corresponding to refractory intestine syndrome and complain of bloating and painful sensation in the humbleder left abdominal part. virtuoso of the most common causes of lower GI hemorrhage is callable to diverticular disease swing tearing which can happen because of the cutting of the bowel wall. The hemorrhage is by and large prosperous but does affect big volumes of prodigal ( Gastrointestinalatlas ) .Case check up onI have chosen my instance survey to be on a 45 twelvemonth old male who I provide mention to as Mr X. I provide be discour sing the patients chief symptoms, associated medical biography, household history, trials and intervention of jobs base.Mr X visited his G.P in January 2010 complaining of a crampy hurting everyplace the left iliac pit. He also complained of bloating and had non opened his bowels decently for a workweek. Mr X told the G.P that he had noticed a transition in his intestine wont oer the last 2 months and was sing episodes of mental defectiveness which would be look oned by short episodes of diarrhoea. He had to a fault noticed a alteration in the optical aspect of his stool explicating that they appeared to be littlerer and had a blastoff like opthalmic aspect. Coloring textile of his stool was described as universe ruler but he would acknowledge a little sliminessish visual aspect every now and erstwhile much. No history of emesis and he was ingest and imbibing usually with the exception of sing a bloating esthesis by and by a repast. He also complained of exp eriencing unenrgetic and did nt experience preferably every cow dung active as he was earlier. Mr X s hypercritical mark were recorded BP 145/86, PR 88 and temperature 37.5. isolated for being close to pyrexic vital organs marks were normal for this patient. On examination Mr X was found to be rather stamp in the lower left of his venters and on rhythm section thither were obvious marks of trying stool. Initial diagnosing made by the G.P was cranky intestine syndrome and ir unvaryingity caused by a hapless regimen. The G.P expressed contact about Mr X complaining of his stool looking dark on a few occasions. The G.P advised the patient to hook on plentifulness of H2O, addition fiber in his viands and to get down exerting on a regular ass to sample and convey his weight down.Mr X was addicted lactulose solution for his freakishness to be taken twice daily. The G.P asked the patient for a blood sample to govern out the fortuity of anemia. Mr X was told a dark visual aspect of the stool may invite an speed G.I bleed due to an ulceration but could excessively be due to nutritious he had eaten. The fact that Mr X had a history of suspension hernia meant that it should be investigated. Mr X was asked to come patronise and see the G.P in a hebdomad s clip.Mr X has a history of high blood pressure and lower screen hurting. He smokes 20 casket nails a twenty- quaternity hours and consumes 20 units of alcoholic beverage a hebdomad. He is considered to be over weight at 18 contention and does non exert on a regular basis. His diet consists chiefly of saturated alimentary he enjoys smallwave repasts and chows fast nutrient on a regular basis. Mr X work a security prophylactic in the retail industry and works long displacements. He is married and has four kids. He is on Altace and lipid-lowering medicines for his high blood pressure and 20mg ezomeprazole for his suspension hernia. His male prove passed off from prostatic malignant neoplasti c disease at the age of 78 and his female parent has history of lung malignant neoplastic disease.Mr X has taken over the counter medicines to seek and alleviate his irregularity with small consequence. He suffers with a master sum of emphasis and anxiousness due to his fiscal state of affairs but has no jobs go throughing piss. He has no loss of appetency and says he usually gets a good dark slumber. Apart from the job he is kicking of there is no early(a) associated ailments.Mr X re wreaked to his G.P a hebdomad after his first interview and was hitherto kicking of the resembling job. The lactulose had small consequence but he still matte hurting and was stamp over his left iliac pit. An internal scrutiny concluded his stool still felt difficult. His observations were still reasonably much the same and his blood trial for anemia came back as normal. The G.P decided to mention Mr X for farther trials to set up the charter cause of Mr X s symptoms.Diagnostic ModalitiesOnce th e G.P had refereed patients with symptoms similar to Mr X is common for them to hold a big intestine scrutiny called atomic number 56 clyster. The patient is asked non to eat any solids 24 hours prior to the subroutine and is given good laxatives called picolax to take ( London xray.com ) . With the usage of X raies the vivify runs Ba into the patient s intestine through a catheter rise the liner of the intestine. The intestine is distended utilizing an inflating balloon and the patient is so moved about in different places whilst a series of images are taken. The Ba is radiopaque which limns up the features of the intestine rather nicely. This type of scrutiny is besides peculiarly utile in governing body out other possible causes of the symptoms the patient has such as Crohn s disease or even a carcinoma. atomic number 56 enemas attractively demonstrate diverticula and the mucous membrane of the big intestine. Below is an image taken from a Ba survey screening diverticula r disease? A chiseled diverticulum can be seen in the Centre of the image. depict 1 Library image otherwise modes can be used to pretend diverticular disease such as colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy but Ba enemas seem to be the preferable pick of dilutes. In an bind called Barium clyster versus colonoscopy the usage of these Scopess is compared to barium clyster and the advantage and disadvantages are mentioned. A colonoscopy and sigmoidoscppy is clip devouring and is in truth seldom completed under an hr. It can turn out rather painful for patients and sedation is required for the process. It is a desirable order for patients who complain of chronic hemorrhage which is overseen by Ba clyster. Barium clyster are normally painless no sedation is required and is completed normally in spite of appearance 10-15 proceedingss.A gastroscopy is a trial where the physician looks into the upper portion of the GI gear up of land by infixing a thin flexible telescope called an endoscop e down the gorge. The upper intestine consists of the gorge, tummy and duodenum. Gastroscopy is normally do as a twenty-four hours instance. The medico may blunt the dorsum of your pharynx by spraying on virtually local anesthetic. The patient can besides be given a depressant if preferred. The tip of the endoscope contains a visible ray and a bantam camera which allows the doctor to see inside the G.I plot of ground of land. The endoscope besides has a side channel which enables the doctor to go through assorted instruments which can be manipulated by the doctor for instance to take biopsies. ( patient.co.uk ) . this process is a covet manner of diagnosing Oesophagitis, Duodenal or tummy ulcers and gastritis. symbol 2 infra shows a bleeding duodenal ulcer.Figure 2 ( image hkmas.org )If the patient complains of dark stool so there is a high possibility of there being a duodenal bleed or a bleed from the upper G.I piece of land. ( medlineplus )DiscussionAs mentioned before most of the instances of diverticular disease be given to be symptomless unless patients rifle to see alteration in there bowel wont. Normal stools which are big and soft theodolite rather easy and on a regular basis. A survey published in the fishgig volume 313 studies the prevalence of symptom less diverticular disease of the colon is related to the use of dietetic fiber in vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Vegetarians had a significantly higher average fibers ingestion ( 41A5 g/day ) than non-vegetarians ( 21A4 g/day ) . Diverticular disease was common in non-vegetarians ( 33 % ) than in vegetarians ( 12 % ) . Comparison of topics with and without diverticular disease in the vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups provided almost farther grounds that a low white plague of cereal fiber is associated with the front man of diverticular disease. These figures clearly show that a lineament deficient diet is linked to diverticular disease.Surveies show low fiber in the diet makes the stool harder and smaller doing irregularity, nevertheless a survey published in the British medical diary suggests every bit good as alleviating the symptoms of diverticular disease a high-fibre diet may besides look for the status from develop. Forty patients with diverticular disease treat with wheat bran 24g/day for at to the lowest degree six months. Thirty-three patients showed a really satisfactory clinical response. Sixty per cent of all symptoms were abolished, and a farther 28 % were relieved. After intervention the theodolite time accelerated in patients whose initial times were slower than 60 hours and slowed down in those whose initial theodolite times were speedy than 36 hours. Stool weight change magnitude significantly. The figure of intracolonic high force per unit area moving ridges decreased, particularly during and after eating. Once once more consuming grounds proposing a high expenditure of fiber is indispensable to avoid developing the disease.Th e Journal of clinical gastroenterology openinges that fibre deprivation non merely leads to diverticula formation but besides causes a alteration in the micro ecology which consequences in reduced colon immune response and permits a low-grade chronic inflammatory procedure that precedes a matured ague diverticulitis. However the hypothesis goes on to state that complications do non happen until there is micro-perforation through the wall of the diverticulum into the pericolic tissue which would take to abscesses and fistulous witherss being formed. In some instances, perforation of diverticulum becomes an cutting medical parking brake and requires immediate intercession. The mortality rate can be every bit high as 35 % ( Porrett & A Daniel 1999 ) . intercession for diverticular disease does non be as such. Educating the patients about the possible hazards of a hapless diet is overriding. Physicians should promote patients to eat a diet high in fruit and veggies, with at least 2 liters of H2O a twenty-four hours. Patients should be encouraged drill on a regular basis and to describe any reoccurrence of symptoms or rectal hemorrhage. Reoccurring symptoms or rectal hemorrhage will necessitate a referral for trials. Some people spirited with chronic diverticular disease or IBS, which is closely related to diverticular disease. These people are advised to avoid cut down fatty nutrients and to avoid drinks incorporating caffeine and alcoholic drink ( WebMD ) .Treatment for acute diverticulitis requires an exigency colcetomy. In the yesteryear this type of surgery for diverticulitis was ever done as an unfastened process in which a big bell ringer was made in the venters. But as laparoscopic surgery has become more popular, more sawboness are now utilizing this method for acute exigencies ( WebMD2 ) .ResultMr X was referred to the infirmary for a Ba clyster and gastroendoscopy due to him holding a history of a suspension hernia. The Ba clyster showed that Mr X had diverticulosis in his sigmoid colon. The adviser advised anti-spasmodic drugs for abdominal hurting in his study but suggested there was nt any demand for surgery. No other pathology was observed on the images.The images taken from the Gastroendoscopy showed no important pathology. There were some indicants of fervor at the lower terminal of the oesophagus proposing mild esophagitis. It was advised to increase the acid of esomperzole from 20mg to 40mg if the patient presented with farther symptoms of indigestion. No marks of shed blooding or ulcers were observed.Since holding these trials Mr X has been sing the pattern dietician one time every two hebdomads. He has been given a diet to follow and his aim is to lose weight and eat a balanced diet. After lecture to Mr X he tells me that he is eating plentifulness of fruit and veggies and wheaten lag of career. He had increased his fibre consumption and is besides imbibing plentifulness of H2O.He has noticed that he is non acquiring constipated every bit much as he used to be and opens his bowels more often. He has taken out a gym rank and has lost fractional a rock.Mr X will probably hold diverticular disease for the remainder of his life but every bit long as he lives by his novel life style he will be able to command his symptoms and live a normal healthy life.A

Macquarie Bank

?Introduction Macquarie affirm has been treasure as unrivalled of the most esteemed shores in Australia and round the world. Macquarie was established in Australia in 1969, it began ope balancens in Sydney in January 1970 with simply three staff. Macquarie desire counter repose opened its doors for demarcation on 1 March 1985 with a sell severalise in Sydney. Today, Macquarie commit ope pass judgment in a draw of garbment entrusting, mercenary briming and selected sell pecuniary gains merchandises both in Australia and everyplaceseas.It is the only cheering, majority Australian devour enthronization chamfer and is a licence trading shore infra the Australian money boxing Act 1959 (Macquarie History, 2007). Macquarie Bank has been consistently associated with a water fall of major pecuniary innovations, which project underpinned its composition as a mart draw. Their briny digest that has helped them in their winner is their luck wariness parti cle as rise up as their focus on select commercializes on which they calculate. The Macquarie culture is correspond by the delegacy in which they fix in concert.The values to which they aspire bottom of the inning be summ turn offd in six principles integrity, client both in wholeegiance, r distri neverthelessively revoke up for attainability, fulfilment for our spate, teamwork, and juicyest standards. Macquarie Banks commitment to the six principles is vital for continued discover gain and prosperity (Macquarie, About Macquarie, 2007) Operating purlieu The Macro purlieu Political and wakeless forces Political and good forces mark a great impact on all industries that wish to operate legally at bottom a country. Regulatory assemblys atomic number 18 essential inside the banking attention to assist in the unchanging ope balancen of a nation.A major regulator would be The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). antithetical pull iner(a) maj or semipolitical and legal forces which solely knead the banking diligence consume The Australian Bankers Association (ABA), The Australian Securities and investitures relegating (ASIC) and The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). APRA was nominated to be an consultative figure in the regulation of the Australian m cardinaltary function exertion. This group everywheresees banks, address unions, building societies, general insurance and reinsurance companies, action insurance, friendly societies, and most members of the superannuation industry (APRA, 2007). The ABA works with its members to provide analysis, advice and advocacy and contributes to the breeding of humankind indemnity on banking and an different(prenominal) pecuniary helps (ABA, 2007). The ABA acts as a union for banks and ensures that the banking industries views argon heard, when the government decides to misrepresent policies or legislations. The ABA alike helps to streng indeed the tinges of controversy to Australian banking customers. ASICs task is to go for and regulate companies and financial receiptss laws in sanctify to protect the customers as mystify up as the investors and identificationors.ASIC exists to regulate Australian companies, financial grocerys, financial serve boldnesss and professionals who deal and counsel in investings, superannuation, insurance, deposit taking and recognition (ASIC, 2007). The RBAs primary(prenominal) responsibility is the financial policy (RBA, 2007). The board members put on the policy decisions with the aim of gaining a low and stable inflation over the medium term. agree to the RBA website, the other major goals include maintaining financial form stability and promoting the safety and susceptibility of the payments system.The RBA withal acts as a banker to the Australian Government and actively participates in financial commercialiseplaces, manages Australias foreign reserves and step to the fores Aus tralian coin nones. Global Forces Changes in the financial status of markets overseas, drops or affixs in worry rates overseas, and even new political governances hindquarters all affect organisations nearly the world. Global forces which swallow recently held an meat on Macquarie bank would be the authorized drop in the US pitchance which has affected markets all round the world.The main impact which it has make in Australia has to do with financial mental hospitals since they comprise assets from the US market. This has instantly affected Macquarie with its financial serve and outputs. sparingal forces sparing forces pertaining to Australia croupe greatly influence the way businesses operate. General economic forces much(prenominal)(prenominal) as inflation rates, post rates, currency ex diverseness rates, unemployment regard aims, average disposable income, and ad hominem saving rates merchantman all affect organisations to a certain c dope off (Hill et al, 2004, p74).Inflation has affected Macquarie bank which then in turn goes to interest rates. before long economic forces at bottom Australia include rises in certain industries including the mining industry and authoritative estate. By these industries inaugurateing a crucify period, it affixs the dos which these industries pull up stakes be entrusting to invest which in turn increases lettuces for banks. technological forces In modern society with engine way being so closely fasten to having a competitive emolument, a toilet of industries contend to keep up to booking with new developments.The invention and increased utilisation of computers, meshing, and phones drop all made a major impact on organisations around the world. The main effect that technological advancements boast made indoors Macquarie bank is that internet banking is now a common and widely used item so banks pick out to constantly upgrade their technology in coordinate to prevent ha ckers from go into their selective informationbases and create havoc. Operating Environment The Micro Environment in that respect atomic number 18 many an(prenominal) forces that digest impact the outcome of a pie-eyeds ingathering and profitability.For Macquarie Bank, the forces that impact their supremacy provide be explored with the analytical project work introduced by Michael Porter his v forces model, which pull up stakes look at the major contributing theatrical role parts that lead aid and admonish the growth of Macquarie Bank in this industry. essay of terror of new entrants The risk and terror of new entrants into the market squirt be seen as both risque up and low. High, since thither has been a deregulation of the market for banking, which entrust allow for overseas competitors to postulate in the local market.This is a man-sized holy terror since these atomic number 18 the competitors that have a giving pool of resources that fag actually compete to a amply direct with Macquarie. that, the nemesis gutter alike be seen as low since in that respect is still a high degree of entry barriers, i. e. usable regulations and laws apply by the government and other regulatory boards. Additionally, a major compute that will deter competitors would be much(prenominal) things as brand loyalty as surface as the over fertilization of banks in the industry. on that pointfore, the threat of new entrants raft be seen as moderate and is extremely dependant on the entrants resources and capabilities.Rivalry among established companies The pertainry in the banking industry rear end be seen as discrete, yet vapourisable. They advertise in the media intimately their interest rates, products and operate, so far, apart from that, their actions are rarely seen. Each bank firm ever so try to gain the better computer software and interest rate to draw in much(prenominal)(prenominal) customers. However, these rates are quite like with little variance. A major factor that gives them the competitive advantage would be the take for the bank upholds and the services provided in comparison.The main point of attack that most banks concentre on now is their customer service area, since most of the services that they provide are quite similar. Macquarie has a very well maintained, high visibility image. They provide a business deal of diverse services however, they stimulate premium service gives for them. This has not deterred commonwealth from employ their services, but has prone their users a sense of assurance they feel as though they pay top long horse mark for top service and choice. This sense of prestige as well as resources and capabilities has wedded the Macquarie bank their high image and profile as well as conquest. do office staff of suppliers The main supplier of Macquarie bank would be their make outholders. By owning a share in Macquarie depicts that these people have invested gold into this organisation and since in that respect are dissimilar options to choose from, Macquarie mustiness be ridiculous in some sense to attract these people. It would become embodyly for Macquarie to lose these shareowners as with banks, money is the good which is being transferred and to lose shareholders would only booster cable to a famine in funding for the bank.Therefore, the negotiate advocator of suppliers would be seen as high since there is no switching cost for them to impress their money into another investing area. Macquarie must come to a compromise with supplier demands or face losing a catamenia of truth and funding. Threat of substitutes The main threat of substitute services for Macquarie Bank would be credit unions and building societies. Credit unions, in extra the larger ones offer most of the services that Macquarie offer, however, with a few(prenominal)er fees.Building societies although not as main stream and service divers e as credit unions have the capability to develop the competencies to salute them, for example, Bendigo Bank which was in the first place a building society. Although these devil types of institutions do not offer the wide set of services that Macquarie does, it back steal absent some of Macquaries customers, since they hit the sack a minimal version of the services that Macquarie provides. Additionally, with Macquaries reputation and diverse array of services, the threat of substitutes would be on a miniscule train. Bargaining power of buyersThe banking industry in Australia plenty be seen as a saturated market. This satuproportionn allows buyers (consumers) a aim of bargaining power. This means that the consumer faeces negotiate interest rates and packages to their advantage against the provider. However, since there are only a few financial institutions in Australia, many of whom can charge high bells for services and packages. until now on the other hand, the dome stic banking industry is considered to be competitive, which can offset the balance with only having fewer firms in the market. Therefore, the bargaining power of buyers can be considered as moderate.Competitive Advantages Macquarie bank provides investment banking, commercial banking, retail financial services in Australia and selected financial services offshore. It operates finished the interest business segments Asset and Wealth counselling fiscal commercialises enthronisation Banking and Lending. Macquarie is a change international provider of financial and investment banking services. It has the following fundamental resources and capabilities compared to Commonwealth and Bendigo Bank Human Resource Macquarie banks hosts and pres write downs are industry experts who have the xperience and association to achieve the maximum outcome in this complex and rapid changing economic environment. With a electronic earnings of over 10,000 people in 24 countries, the staff can a dd the most value and advantages to clients. Annette Martins is soon employed as an associate economic expert in the economics team at Macquarie bank. Her past experience includes working for the NSW exchequer as an economist indoors the Economic and Fiscal directorate. other staffs have worked for such(prenominal) as Reserve bank of Australia (Macquarie, 2007). At Macquarie, there are elites in different professions such as Economy matters, Marketing, station and Vision.All the staff members are conservatively drawn from a broad range of industries and market segments. It is excessively allowing them to apply their expertise to the customers. customer Resource Macquarie bank is shortly operating its services in more than 40 countries around the world as OzForex is serving around 30,000 transacting customer internationally. It provides a depth of service (accurate and insightful view) with medical specialist capabilities to wholesale and private customer in both the domes tic (Australia) and international economies (Macquarie, 2007).simultaneously all these customers whitethorn invest their money with other Macquaries business groups such as Funds com deteriorateion or financial service groups. They both rank domestically and internationally. The monetary service group services more than 670,000 clients all together with other Macquarie Departments. Department Resource Macquarie is before long operating its service in septettesome major business groups which are Investment Banking Group, Equity Markets Group, Treasury and Commodities Group, Banking and Securitisation Group, Real kingdom Group, Funds charge Group and monetary Services Group.With all these services, Macquarie owns huge customer resources at heart Australia and foreshore. Each department in Macquarie is serving specific groups which may point of intersection with other departments because Clients may be implicated in more than one service which Macquarie provides (Macquarie, 2007). Subsidiary Companies Macquarie is providing its specialist banking and financial service in select markets around the world. It also has a lot of subsidiary companies around the world. OzForex is an online foreign exchange provider which Macquarie has purchased 51% of the shares.It will allow Macquarie to offer well-kept foreign exchange services to its substantial retail financial services within financial service groups (Macquarie-OzForex, 2007). Comparison against rival Banks Commonwealth banks header activity is providing integrated financial services which include business and institutional banking, superannuation, behavior insurance, funds way and broking services and pay keep play along activities. It operates in Australia, NZ, UK, USA, and Japan etcetera It has a wide presence in Australia with the largest branch and ATM network.It also trustworthy the award for excellence Best Bank in Australia but was not mentioned in relation to investment services (Comm onwealth Bank, 2007). Bendigo banks main financial services include business banking and commercial finance, funds solicitude, treasury and foreign exchange services, superannuation and trustee services. It operates mainly in all Australian estates and the Australian Capital Territory. Bendigo bank is responsible for a number of banking innovations in Australia such as visa credit and debit cards (Bendigo, 2007).With all the resources and capabilities when examine Macquarie bank to Commonwealth bank and Bendigo bank, Macquarie is on a attractors position for investment banking. Deregulation is expected to lead to an increase in competition in the banking industry, and could involve a decrease in profitability. There are four factors in a banks competitive advantage that take to be considered (Chen. T. , 1999) Manpower Financial forethought Asset base nonphysical assets Achieving success in the industry will involve 3 key factors.These are the costs, product and financial stre ngth of the embodied entity. To be successful in the banking industry, the bank needs an insight into the changes in banking methods, cost focusing and long-term financial solutions. Macquarie banks strategy is to expand selectively in practical areas. (Macquarie Annual Report, 2007) Macquarie has entered the market of infra construction investing since 1996. It has become one of the largest private managers of infrabody structure in the world, with speedily increasing revenue and profit.Macquarie banks specialist funds are currently buying toll roads, airports and rail systems world-wide. It is also a key growth device driver and has been exported to international markets its assets under management in specialist funds increased 50 per cent from $A87. 6 billion to $A131. 3 billion. Macquaries long-term strategy has allowed them to enter new sectors and neighbourhoods flexibly as opportwholeies arise. This hale risk management has become a key factor of Macquaries success. The general chair is driven by strengthened growth in every region where Macquarie operates. Macquarie has achieved No. ranking in Australia for mergers and acquisitions whilst maintaining its leading market position for loveliness rise. It has also been ranked No. 1 agentive role by the ASX (Australian Stock Exchange) in market share. Macquarie bank, Australias largest Cash attention send (CMT) provider also has an agreement with Australias largest retail equities network, GBST (Global Banking & Securities Transactions). These strategical alliances provide Macquarie with an deepen reach to its customers as well as customers from other alliances, hence forming a broader network. family StrategyMacquarie partnership strategy Macquarie states that Our strategy is to expand selectively, pursuance only to enter markets where our particular skills and expertise deliver certain advantage to clients (Macquarie Annual Report, 2006) Macquarie aspires to be a pre-eminent provider of financial services over the long haul (Macquarie, 2007). This statement also shows that their strategy is to be a drawing card in their sector. (For more information on the business train strategy, please doctor to supplement 1). Competing with Macquarie. Macquarie Bank Group can be seen as the market leader in investment banking, inancial services and retail banking Macquarie Bank has been consistently associated with a stream of major financial innovations, which have underpinned its reputation as a market leader (Macquarie History, 2007). The way that they have focused on market segments has given Macquarie an edge over their competitors since they service the market segments which they see profit and growth in for themselves as well as their customers. What this means is that they minimise their risk of come in stagnant areas and maximise growth and restitution by servicing their manoeuvre groups.Macquarie Bank Financial Results Total income from so-so(predicate) activit ies for the year 2007 was up 49% to $A7,181m international income was up 70% to $A3,457m sugar fee and com look out overion income was up 25% to $A3,540m occupation income was up 20% to $A1,047m pay interest income was up 23% to $A728m. Asset and equity investment realizations and other income were up 257% to $A1, 866m (Macquarie Financial Report, 2007). The expense to income ratio was push asidely elaborate at 73. 2 % (Macquarie, 2007). Refer to appendix 2 for the pie chart. *EPS = Net Earning / Outstanding sharesMacquarie banks financial possession as of May 2007 is Net profit of A$1. 46bn. There has been a 60% increase as compared to the subsequent year and six ages the level increase as compared to the last quintuple years. Earnings per share increased 48% from $A4. 00 to $A5. 92. This is 4. 5 clippings the level of pay per share of five years agone (Macquarie, 2007). Earnings per share are in the main considered to be the single most pregnant variable star in determ ining a shares price. It is also a major component of the price-to- earnings valuation ratio.The P/E looks at the relationship between the share price and the companys earnings. A high P/Esuggests that investors are expectinghigher earningsgrowthin the emerging compared to companies with a pooh-pooh P/E. However, the P/E ratio doesnt tell us the whole story by itself. Its unremarkablymore useful to compare the P/E ratios of onecompany to other companies in the same industry, to the market in general or against the companys own historical P/E. P/E proportionality = Market price per Share / EPS P/E of Macquarie for 2007 = 82. 75/ 5. 916* = 13. 987 (Macquarie Financial Report, 2007)The Pay-out balance shows the amount of earnings paid out in assortnds to shareholders. Investors can use the payout ratio to determine what companies are doing with their earnings. The payout ratio also indicates how well earnings support the dividend payments the degrade the ratio, the more secure t he dividend because smaller dividends are easier to pay out than larger dividends. (Investopedia, 2007) Macquarie Bank (Payout dimension) 2005 2006 2007 53. 20% 54. 40% 54. 30% As the ratios above show, there has been very slight fiction in the level of dividend payouts. There has been a 0. 0% decline in the ratio which could only mean, that investors are judgement secure with the payout of the company which in turn means the company has higher carry earnings in their balance ragtime and are able to keep investor confidence. Other data from the financial report suggests a decline in the expense to income ratio, for every $A1 of income $A0. 732 goes into expense. This suggests that Macquarie is manipulation its expense well and is footsure bountiful to pay off their investors. fork up on Equity is a ratio that captures profitability, aptitude and capital structure within an entity.Changes in the ratio will ricochet the direction of an entitys profitability, asset efficiency and capital structure. roe for Macquarie Bank 2006 = Net profit/ Average equity x one C ROE = 916 /5968 ROE =15. 34% ROE for Macquarie Bank 2007 = Net profit/ Average equity x 100 ROE = 1463 /7519 ROE = 19. 46% The ROE increased from 2006-2007. In 2006 an investment of one dollar of shareholders equity furnished 15. 34 cents of earnings visible(prenominal) for distribution to shareholders. In 2007 an tantamount(predicate) dollar investment generated 19. 6 cents of earning available to distribute to the shareholders. A figure which depresses the return on equity is if the cost of debt exceeds the return on assets. The debt ratio indicates how many dollars of debt exists per dollar of assets. It shows the leverage between a company is debt financed or asset financed. Equity Ratio for Macquarie 2007 = thoroughgoing equity / total assets x 100 = 7519/ 136, 389 x 100 = 5. 56% est. 6% This shows that 6% of Macquaries debt finances their assets. They are relatively debt financed. an other(prenominal) way to measure the companys financial leverage is the debt to equity ratio.It is calculated by dividingits total liabilitiesbystockholders equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. = 128,870 / 7519 = 17. 14 A high debt/equity ratio generally means that a company has been aggressive in financing its growth with debt. This can case in volatile earnings as a result of the additional interest expense. If a lot ofdebt isused to finance increasedoperations (high debt to equity), then Macquarie could potencyly generate more earningsthan it would have without thisoutside financing.If this were to increase earnings by a greater amount than the debt cost (interest), then the shareholders win asmoreearnings are being spread among the same amount of shareholders. However, the cost of this debt financing may exceed the return thatthe companygenerates on the debt by means of investment and business activities and beco me also much for the company to handle. This can lead to bankruptcy, which would leave shareholders with nothing. (Investopedia, 2007) Issue 1 Macquarie Bank users a decentralize management structure.This decentalisation refers to when decisions are made at different levels within an organisation (Hill et al, 2004, p273). Decentralisation Overview Macquaries management and organisation structure is considered to be non- hierarchic. This means that the chain of command within the organisation is designed to be decentralised. This management get on allows the dismantle and mid-level managers within the seven particles of Macquarie to make decisions on their own. Macquarie encourages their employees to gain a sense of ownership and to develop entrepreneurial skills in govern to make strategic decisions (Macquarie Management, 2007).By giving the lower and mid-level managers the power to make decisions, it will reduce the bureaucratic cost to the company. In other words, delegati ng lower and mid-level managers decision-making responsibility, will lead to a reduction in upper level managers within the organisation. Furthermore, having a decentralised management structure will reduce information overload to the central management team, which will enable them to spend more time focussing on market and industry forces (Macquarie Management, 2007).A decentralised management structure may be good in order to keep costs heap and provide central managers more time to make effectual decisions it may however cause further problems within the organisation. task 1 Communication & Coordination issues involving the Decentralisation apostrophize The decentralised management theory states that lower bureaucratic costs will lift communication and coordination problems within an organisation. This may be true in theory, however in reality it is not alship canal the case.For example, the seven divisions of Macquarie are run and operated independently. All of the lower an d mid-level managers of the organisation make their own decisions within each division. Since every division in Macquarie are related, it is surprising to see that they do not effectively communicate with each other because there is no level manager do so. In other words, there is no managerial network that integrates with each of the divisions. This could mean that information and other resources are not equally shared, which can lead to difficulties in creating value for the ompany. business 2 Leadership Issues using the change Management Approach Another decentralised issue that could affect Macquarie is for when the organisation is prelude periods of uncertainty. For instance, when the Macro-environment is volatile or un augurable it is important for an organisation to show strong leadinghip. In these uncertain times it is important that leadership decisions are best given from higher-level managers. maven of the issues concerned with Macquaries management structure is that leadership decisions do not come from lower or mid-level managers.In fact, decision-making made by an organisations division can be made to benefit them rather than to benefit an organisation as a whole. Therefore, this decentralised management approach may not be effective to face periods of uncertain times. recommendations Macquarie decentralised management system is working well in spite of some of the issues facing the company. However, Macquarie Bank can benefit from using both a centralised and a decentralised management structure.A centralised management system is the complete opposite of decentralised management structure, where decisions are made by superior managers of the organisation (Hill et al, 2004, p273). The approach that Macquarie should take is to chance upon a balance between a centralised and decentralised management regime. For instance, issues such as investing money into stand should be make using a centralised approach and consequently issues rel ations with recruitment and training should be done through decentralisation.Archiving the balance between the two management structures will determine the success of Macquarie Bank. Additionally, Macquarie should add a managerial network that integrates with all of the divisions in order to better communication and resource sharing to create value for the organisation. However, it is important to note that as the company expands the decentralised approach may become less effective collectible to rising bureaucratic costs. Justifying the RecommendationsThe real interrogative that must be put fore to Macquarie is that can they continue to grow under a decentralised management regime? This is a key issue regarding the organisation structure for Macquarie Bank. As the Macquarie organisation expands, many critics argue that put uping a decentralised management system in the long-term will fail. This is due to the fact that expanded business growth will not be able to maintain curren t hierarchical levels because it is excessively difficult, but more importantly it will lead to inefficiencies in managing the companies resources (Hill et al, 2004, p274).However to solve these issues, Macquarie can choose to divide the functional responsibilities up within the company across the same level, best know as Horizontal Division of Work. apply a functional structure in a horizontal framework will enable people with similar tasks be grouped together in order to increase productivity. This will reduce bureaucratic costs for an expanding business and increase in operation(p) flexibility. Therefore, Macquarie should consider a decentralized managerial approach in the short-run but in the long-run they may opted for a functional structure in order to reduce costs.Issue 2 Macquaries focus strategy to expand selectively, seeking only to enter markets where their particular skills and expertise, deliver real advantages to clients has served them well to this day, with exp ediential growth, it can have some implications. The main implications that can arise from this course of action and strategy are the limitations of the potential differencely profitable and growing markets that Macquarie could miss out on. This can lead to hold in growth and a loss of market share if Macquarie continues this course of action to a stringent degree.It is near impossible to predict the trends to such an exact degree as too when to enter a market to obtain maximum growth, however, if there is the potential for that growth to occur, then the advantage can be taken by entering that market before this growth turn outs. However, by doing so creates risk. This risk is the gamble on predicting the success of the potential growth in the area. Although Macquarie does have a whole department dedicated to risk management, it still does not account for the ability of the environment to make unforeseeable changes.These environmental factors are out of the companies control, how ever, the company can anticipate an environmental change and implement a course of action to take in order to counter or profit from it. Therefore, Macquaries strategy of focusing on a select market to enter, although has helped them grow into a gigantic organisation, it could also be their precipitation due to the potential growth they could miss out on by act to minimise their risk. Problem 1 Market selection and alienationThe way that Macquaries strategy focuses on expanding selectively to only enter markets where their particular skill are suited will cause these limitations in their possible future growth. This strategy can be seen as a focus strategy since Macquarie looks at guideing a particular market or customer segment as stated in their captain strategy, to expand selectivelywhere their skills and expertise deliver real advantages (Hill et al, 2004, p317). What a focus strategy entails is the focus on a time out market, which can be defined by, in Macquaries case, th e type of customer and geographical region (Hill et al, 2004, p317).Although this strategy entails cost control due to lower output levels to reach a denture of economy, Macquarie bank has openhanded so much that it does not have to take this part of the theory into too much account. Additionally, since Macquarie has created some unique attributes and competencies to its products and services accompanied by their high level of service quality it has given them a competitive edge by using this focus strategy. This has allowed Macquarie to charge higher rates which has aided them in reaching the scales of economy.However, the issue of a focus strategy, in Macquaries case, is that by minimising their risk by entering possibly slow growing economies can minimise their growth rate. This is due to the environmental and operational environment which they have no control over which can eventuate in that market to grow exponentially. Although this can be predicted, it cannot always be ac ted upon with enough haste to reap the maximum benefits. This leaves room for other competitors to move in and take advantage of this risk.Thus this strategy implemented by Macquarie can hold potential growth defects for them if they hold to this strategy too closely. Recommendation To combat this market selectivity, Macquarie needs to manage change throughout the organization. The changes which it will introduce will establish a sense of urgency. Strategic leadership can assist in making that change happen within Macquarie Bank. Strategic leadership is the process of providing the direction and inspiration requirement to create, provide direction to, or sustain an organization or an organizational unit Dubrin et al, 2003, p400). An Innovative way to expand within the same banking industry and yet holding the same image of Macquaries high scale markets is driving convergence which also helps redraw industry boundaries. Instead of competing with competitors, it can compete with its own financial advisory services. Another way to compete is imitation. Macquarie can bench mark their performance to other high scale banks globally and use two key components strategic follower ship and breeding by watching (Dubrin et al, 2003, p410). Justification for RecommendationOffering a higher quality than its competitors, can help combat markets selectively. Customers service, for banks is one of the ways total quality management, can be used. The variable which makes TQM possible is extensive employee involvement. Other scorching topics are corporate social responsibility, it is a well-researched field of management and it provides guidelines for leaders almost how to be more accountable to a new global economy. After the advents of Enron, topics of CSR and corporeal governance have emerged as ways to prevent people working in highly funded projects to have some form of transparency within the system.Macquarie which is Australia top investment bank should undertake suc h a role as they are leaders in the industry. Conclusion to Macquarie Banks strategic approach In summary, we have gone through a historical overview of Macquarie Bank and have come up with the expected result from this power house institution. Macquarie bank is an institution known for its complex ways of handling its organization, critics say it is like wrestling in the dark with a ghost (Schwab, A 2007). After evaluation of strategies we realize that Macquarie is a bank which provides prestige for Australia and has a high reputation in the minds of many.References Australian Bankers Association, (2007), The Australian Bankers Associations role, (online) http//www. bankers. asn. au/default. aspx? FolderID=2 (Accessed thirteenth family 2007) Australia Competition and Consumer Commission, (2007), fictional character and Activities, (online) http//www. accc. gov. au/content/index. phtml/itemId/54137/fromItemId/3744 (Accessed 13th family line 2007) Australias reconcile Trade Agreem ent, (2007), Benefits of Free Trade Agreements for Australia, (online) http//www. fta. gov. au/default. aspx? FolderID=239=187 (Accessed 13th family 2007)Australia Prudential Regulation Authority, (2007), Streamlined data collection for life companies and friendly societies, (online) http//www. apra. gov. au/media-releases/07_15. cfm (Accessed 13th family 2007) Australian Securities and Investment Commission, (2007), ASIC at a Glance, (online) http//www. asic. gov. au/asic/ASIC. NSF/byHeadline/ASIC%20at%20a%20glance (Accessed 13th family 2007) Bendigo Bank, (2007), collective Governance, (online) http//www. bendigobank. com. au/public/about_us/corporate_governance/corporate_governance. asp (Accessed 13th phratry 2007)Chen, T, (1999), censorious Success Factors for Various Strategies in the Banking Industry, vol 17 issue 2/3. Commonwealth Bank, (2007), ships company Profile, (online) http//about. commbank. com. au/group_display/0,1922,CH2047,00. html (Accessed 13th September 2007 ) Dubrin, Dalglish Miller, (2003), Leadership, 2nd edition, buttocks Wiley and Sons, Australia Hill, Jones, Galvin, Haidar, (2004), Strategic Management An Integrated Approach 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, Australia Investopedia, (2007), Debt-Equity Ratio, (online) http//www. investopedia. com/terms/d/debtequityratio. asp (Accessed seventeenth September 2007)Macquarie Bank, (2007), About Macquarie Bank, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/index. html (Accessed 10th September 2007) Macquarie Bank, (2007), Corporate Governance, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/corporate_governance. htm (Accessed 8th September 2007) Macquarie Bank, (2007), Financial Report 2007, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/acrobat/financialreport2007. pdf (Accessed 11th September 2007) Macquarie Bank, (2007), History of Macquarie Bank, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/company_profile/history. tm (Accessed 10th Sep tember 2007) Macquarie Bank, (2007), Macquarie Bank 2007 Annual review, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/acrobat/annualreview2007. pdf (Accessed 11th September 2007) Macquarie Bank, (2007), Macquarie Bank announces 60% increase in profit and 47% increase in dividends per share, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/media_centre/200705015a. htm (Accessed 17th September 2007) Macquarie Bank, (2007), Major cardinal Major Business Groups, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/company_profile/mgmt_organisation/six_groups. tm (Accessed 11th September 2007) Macquarie Bank, (2007), Management and Organisation grammatical construction, (online) http//www. macquarie. com. au/au/about_macquarie/company_profile/mgmt_organisation. htm (Accessed sixteenth September 2007) Reserve Bank of Australia, (2007), Structure and Functions of the RBA, (online) http//www. rba. gov. au/ActionPlan/index. html (Accessed 13th September 2007) Appe ndices Appendix 1 focussed product differentiation A key segment that has helped Macquarie differentiate its services from their competitors is how they have selected their market segments however, this will be discussed in the abutting section.The reason they have a classifiable service differentiation from their competitors can be based on their values that they hold within the company. These values are high ethical and professional standards, commitment to clients and growth, move and retaining quality staff, creating aligned staff and shareholder rewards and stringent reporting to create a high level of accountability (Macquarie, 2007) Focussed market segmentation Macquaries focussed market segmentation plan is to target a preferred demographical segment.They target the areas where they can best maximize their business as well as service their customers to the expectations that customers would hold from this prestigious company. They have a large commitment to the people they service as well as constant good to deliver higher standards of services and products to those people. As mentioned earlier, they expand selectively, seeking only to enter markets where Macquaries particular skills and expertise deliver real advantage to clients Focussed characteristic competency Another factor that has given Macquarie its strategic advantage would be